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No 5 (2022)
Развитие морских технологий и научные открытия в океане
Abstract
The article discusses relationships between the development of marine technology and scientific discoveries in the ocean. The invention and introduction of echo sounders as well as the use of seismic research methods made promote the greatest discovery of the XX century — the global lithospheric plate tectonic theory. The use of deep-towed vehicles made it possible to discover hydrothermal fields on the ocean floor and to discover a new source of life in the ocean — chemosynthesis. On the other hand, the discovery of hydrothermal fields stimulated the creation of manned submersibles with working depths of 6000 m or more. These discoveries radically changed our understanding of the Earth’s structure. They are the most striking examples of the close relationship between innovative technologies and scientific achievements.
Priroda. 2022;(5):3-17
3-17
Degrees and Days: A Way to Measure the Heat
Abstract
The past 2021 was characterized by an outstanding amount of resonant weather disasters, one of which was an unusually strong heat wave in the European part of Russia. Why was the summer so hot and will such an abnormality be repeated regularly in the following years? To answer these questions, we first need to understand the typical characteristics of hot weather and the boundary between abnormal and normal conditions. The article discusses the criteria characterizing the high temperatures that have been observed on the territory of our country in recent decades. An illustration of their application is presented based on statistical data on summer temperatures in 2021 in three federal districts: Central, Northwestern, and Volga.
Priroda. 2022;(5):18-25
18-25
Jewelry Ammonites of Russia: Classification and Production Prospects
Abstract
Russia has significant resources of jewelry-quality ammonites with high decorative and technological characteristics. The article summarizes experience of jewelers and designers in working with ammonite-origin jewelry raw materials. The classification of jewelry-quality ammonites on a textural-mineralogical basis is provided. It is proposed to consider ammonites as a new, Russia-specific type of gemstone raw materials, to assess their resources, and to stimulate their production and processing.
Priroda. 2022;(5):26-31
26-31
From the Wind Rose to the Wildlife Geometry, or Why Count Animals
Abstract
Biology is not bogged down, but progresses into very interesting areas. Such areas do not concern individual representatives of all creatures great and small, but are dedicated to their communities. They include general patterns of distribution of animals over the territory, their number, and dependence on environmental conditions. The article describes the terms and concepts of the modern zoogeography, the science that deals with the distribution of animals, its goals and objectives and methods for their solution, as well as information about the practical use of the obtained results. Also it shows the transition from classical biology to a geometry that seems to be completely unrelated and more than that, also unusual.
Priroda. 2022;(5):32-40
32-40
Russian School of Geological Mapping
Abstract
The article reviews the evolvement of the Russian geological mapping, which was born after the establishment of the Russian Geological Committee (Geolcom) and continued to develop in its successor — Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), a leading organization of the Federal Agency on Mineral Resources (Rosnedra). The author provides a description of the modern state geological mapping system including a geo-cartographic interior model of the Russian territory and a monographic account of its geological structure, tectonic development, and distribution of mineral resources.
Priroda. 2022;(5):41-48
41-48
Mineral Nuclei of Brachiopods
Abstract
The data on the first finds of calcite, quartz, and pyrite in the shells of Devonian atrypids of Transcaucasia are presented. The studied crystals that form the “mineral nuclei” of brachiopods were developed, apparently, in several stages at the late phases of diagenesis. The process of pyrite oxidation took place in near-surface conditions and in the presence of the air.
Priroda. 2022;(5):49-53
49-53
Two Minerals — Two Fates: the History of Haitaite Discovery and the Discrediting of Eleonorite
Abstract
There are relatively few minerals — no more than 6000; and every year this list is expanded by 50–60 new minerals discovered all over the world. Along with this, sometimes, a previously discovered mineral with a personal name is discredited for various reasons and excluded from the Mineral Cadastre with a full ban for the following use of its name for other minerals. This article reports on the recent discovery of a new mineral haitaite, a complex oxide from the crichtonite group, and the discrediting of the mineral eleonorite from the beraunite group.
Priroda. 2022;(5):54-56
54-56
Abel Prize 20th Anniversary: the Story of Success
Abstract
Что делает научную премию достойной наградой? Внимательный отбор кандидатов и хорошая экспертиза, когда достойные выбирают достойных. Постоянно ротируемый состав экспертов. Значимая денежная сумма. Церемония, проходящая на самом высшем уровне. Все эти составные элементы есть у Абелевской премии, в этом году отмечающей свое двадцатилетие. Среди ее двадцати пяти лауреатов — лучшие из лучших, в том числе трое наших соотечественников.
Priroda. 2022;(5):57-62
57-62
63-66
The Four Facets of Aging: Many Questions and no Ready Answers (review of the book: А.Blagodatsky, А.Rzheshevsky, O.Borisova, А.Egorova. Open Longevity. How aging works and how to deal with it)
Abstract
Мимо этой книги невозможно пройти, а взяв в руки, хочется немедленно пролистать и рассмотреть картинки. Книга не просто ярко, а вызывающе ярко оформлена. Она бросает вызов, казалось бы, неизбежной проблеме жизни — старению. Вызов вполне в духе ее идейного вдохновителя, руководителя проекта Open longevity («Открытое долголетие») Михаила Батина, который много лет с невероятным упорством сражается за продление жизни. Его взгляды в научных и околонаучных кругах оцениваются по-разному, многие считают его идеалистом, а продвигаемые им идеи трансгуманизма преждевременными. Но Михаил и его команда не сдаются и упрямо делают шаг за шагом в одном направлении. Эта книга — один из результатов проекта, который должен объединить всю мощь мировой науки против старения и смерти.
Priroda. 2022;(5):67-69
67-69
NEW BOOKS
Abstract
Ботаника. Т.А.Горшкова. КЛЕТОЧНАЯ СТЕНКА — МНОГОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ СТРУКТУРА РАСТЕНИЯ. М.: Наука, 2021. 118 с. (Тимирязевские чтения; Вып. 80). История науки / Философия. А.В.Перцев. НЕСКУЧНАЯ НАУКА. ИЗ ИСТОРИИ АНТИЧНОЙ ФИЛОСОФИИ. М.: Наука, 2021. 214 с. Этнография. КАЗАХИ / Отв. ред. С.Е.Ажигали, О.Б.Наумова, И.В.Октябрьская. М.: Наука, 2021. 846 с. (Сер.: Народы и культуры). Геология / Металлогения. ДМИТРИЙ ВАСИЛЬЕВИЧ РУНДКВИСТ / Сост. С.В.Семенова, авт. вступ. ст. А.В.Ткачев. М.: Наука. 2021.
Priroda. 2022;(5):70-72
70-72