Effect of under-ice light intensity and convective mixing on chlorophyll a distribution in a small mesotrophic lake

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Abstract

Data of long-term measurements of under-ice solar radiation, water temperature, and chlorophyll a are analyzed in four phytoplankton groups (green, diatoms, blue-green, and cryptophyte algae) in a small mesotrophic Vendyurskoe Lake (Karelia) in the period of spring under-ice convection. It is shown that, after thawing away of snow cover from lake surface, under-ice illumination increases, water temperature rises, the depth of convectively mixed layer (CML) increases, and microalga photosynthesis intensifies. In the daytime, chlorophyll a extremums appear in the CML, and, unlike the homogeneous characteristics (water electric conductivity, mineralization, etc.), the cells of different phytoplankton species can be used as tracers in studying convective mixing. A prognostic equation is obtained, reflecting an inverse dependence of the coefficients of variation of chlorophyll a concentration in CML on solar radiation fluxes, penetrating under ice bottom surface. A direct relationship was shown to exist between the increase in chlorophyll concentration in CML and its thickness.

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About the authors

N. I. Palshin

Northern Water Problems Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: npalshin@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Petrozavodsk

G. E. Zdorovennova

Northern Water Problems Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: npalshin@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Petrozavodsk

R. E. Zdorovennov

Northern Water Problems Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: npalshin@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Petrozavodsk

T. V. Efremova

Northern Water Problems Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: npalshin@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Petrozavodsk

G. G. Gavrilenko

Northern Water Problems Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: npalshin@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Petrozavodsk

A. Yu. Terzhevik

Northern Water Problems Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: npalshin@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Petrozavodsk

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Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
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2. Fig. 1. Bathymetry of the lake. Vendure and the position of the weather station (1), multi-hour stations (2) and sections (3).

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3. Figure 2. Vertical distributions of water temperature (1), solar radiation (% of the value on the surface of the snow-ice cover) (2) and the total concentration of chlorophyll “a” in the under-ice layer (3), in the CRP (4) and the lower stratified layer (5) at different stages of spring subglacial heating: (a) - April 15, 2012, (b) - April 28, 2009

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4. Fig. 3. Distribution of chlorophyll concentrations “a” on March 27–31, 2014 (a) near the northern shore and April 12–16, 2015 (b) in the central part of the lake.

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5. Fig. 4. Dependence of average concentrations of total chlorophyll “a” on the depth (a) and temperature of the CPS (b), solar radiation flux on the lower ice boundary (c) and the dependence of the integral amount of chlorophyll “a” under one square meter in the KPS from its depth (g): April 1–28, 2009, April 2–18, April 3–18, 2011, April 4–15–17, 5 - April 18–21, 2012, April 6–22–24, April 7–21–24, 2013 March 8–27–31, April 9–11–16

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6. Fig. 5. Mean values and standard deviations of chlorophyll concentrations “a” according to the results of spatial surveys during the springtime ice-warming period: (a) - in CPS, (b) - in the lower stratified layer. 1 - total chlorophyll, 2 - green, 3 - diatomaceous, 4 - blue-green, 5 - cryptophytic.

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7. Fig. 6. (a) - distribution scheme of algae with positive buoyancy (1), heavy cells (2) and organisms fully captured by mixing with almost neutral buoyancy: | wc | << | ww | (3); 4 — CPS boundaries; 5 — lower boundary of the photic zone hp. The process of photosynthesis is shown by paired icons. Communication graphs of chlorophyll concentrations “a” in KPS on April 28, 2009 between: (b) diatoms and greens, (c) diatoms and blue-green algae.

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