Rock-forming feldspathoids of the sodalite–sapozhnikovite series from the Lovozero alkaline complex (Kola peninsula, Russia): isomorphism, thermal and radiation-induced transformations and genetic mineralogy

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Abstract

Sulfur-enriched sodalite-group feldspathoids from the Lovozero alkaline complex (Kola peninsula, Russia) and products of their laboratory, anthropogene, and natural thermal and radiation-induced transformations were studied using EMPA, single-crystal XRD, and Raman, IR, ESR and optical spectroscopy. Sodalite Na8[Al6Si6O24]Cl2 and sapozhnikovite Na8[Al6Si6O24](HS)2 form a continuous isomorphous series [with the Cl:HS ratio variation (in mol.%) from Cl100(HS)0 to Cl12(HS)88] in highly agpaitic feldspathoid syenites and their pegmatites. In Lovozero, hydrosulfide anion HS— turned out the major form of sulfidic sulfur occurrence in minerals of this group including sodalite-hackmanite. It is found that sapozhnikovite and HS-rich sodalite are important rock-forming minerals of some Lovozero rocks; a new rock, poikilitic nepheline-sapozhnikovite syenite was discovered. Sapozhnikovite and intermediate members of the sodalite–sapozhnikovite series are the sensitive geochemical indicator, an oxymeter which indicates reducing conditions of mineral formation. Under heating, HS− anion in sodalite-sapozhnikovite series minerals destroys and sulfur forms polysulfide groups: radical anion S2●− (500–600 °C) and further radical anion S3●− (700 °C and above). The S3●− groups also appear in the result of radiation-induced transformation of these minerals. Under natural radioactive irradiation at the contact with Th-enriched steenstrupine, an intermediate member of the sodalite-sapozhnikovite series transformed to an earlier unknown in nature S3●−-rich variety of sodalite with the simplified formula Na8[Al6Si6O24][Cl,(S3)].

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About the authors

I. V. Pekov

Moscow State University; Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry RAS

Author for correspondence.
Email: igorpekov@mail.ru

Faculty of Geology

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

N. V. Chukanov

Moscow State University; Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry RAS

Email: igorpekov@mail.ru

Faculty of Geology

Russian Federation, Moscow; Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast

V. D. Shcherbakov

Moscow State University

Email: igorpekov@mail.ru

Faculty of Geology

Russian Federation, Moscow

М. F. Vigasina

Moscow State University

Email: igorpekov@mail.ru

Faculty of Geology

Russian Federation, Moscow

R. Yu. Shendrik

Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry SB RAS

Email: igorpekov@mail.ru

д. чл.

Russian Federation, Irkutsk

F. D. Sandalov

Moscow State University

Email: igorpekov@mail.ru

Faculty of Geology

Russian Federation, Moscow

S. V. Vyatkin

Moscow State University

Email: igorpekov@mail.ru

Faculty of Geology

Russian Federation, Moscow

А. G. Turchkova

Moscow State University

Email: igorpekov@mail.ru

Faculty of Geology

Russian Federation, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Aggregate of zonally coloured grains of sodalite-sapozhnikovite series minerals (С) with nepheline (Н): sample ИП Сейд-4925 after heating in bonfire. Polished section: (а) — photograph under conventional light, (б) — SEM image, BSE mode. Sample width: 2 mm.

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3. Fig. 2. Feldspathoid syenite after after heating in bonfire: a fragment enriched by sodalite-sapozhnikovite series minerals (С) — dark blue and green grains; with aegirine (Эг) and eudialyte-group mineral (Эв): sample ИП Сейд-4925. Polished section: (а) — photograph under conventional light, (б) — SEM image, BSE mode. Sample width: 3 mm.

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4. Fig. 3. Aggregate of dark blue grains of sodalite-sapozhnikovite series minerals (С) with aegirine (Эг): sample after heating in bonfire: sample ИП Сейд-4925. Polished section: (а) — photograph under conventional light, (б) — SEM image, BSE mode. Sample width: 1.6 mm.

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5. Fig. 4. Bright blue rim around brown Th-rich steenstrupine-(Ce) embedded in colourless granular aggregate of feldspathoid chemically corresponding to the middle part of the sodalite-sapozhnikovite series (sample ИП Кар-7671/7734). Yellow and reddish-brownish minerals are kazakovite and eudialyte, respectively. FOV width is 2 mm.

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6. Fig. 5. The atomic Cl:S ratio (for the formulae calculated based on Si+Al+Fe = 12 apfu) in sodalite-sapozhnikovite series minerals from different occurrences in the Lovozero complex: 1–2 — Malignite open pit at the northern slope of Mt. Karnasurt [1 — holotype sapozhnikovite (Chukanov et al., 2022а); 2 — other samples (Chukanov et al., 2022б)]; 3 — western coast of the Seidozero lake; 4–5 and 7–8 — Karnasurt underground mine; 6 — Hackmanite Stock pegmatite, Mt. Karnasurt; 9–10 — Mt. Alluaiv; 11 — Sengischorr Cirque.

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7. Fig. 6. IR spectra of (1) nosean from nosean sanidinite of the Laach Lake palеovolcano, Eifel, Germany, (2) deep blue feldspathoid from sample ИП Сейд-4925 heated in bonfire, (3) greenish-yellow feldspathoid from the same sample, and (4) lazurite from the Sar’e Sang deposit, Afghanistan. The inset shows enhanced fragment of IR spectrum No. 3 in the range of HS— vibrations.

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8. Fig. 7. Uncorrected (in part of baseline) Raman spectra of (1) sapozhnikovite (sample ИП 14125), (2) yellow-green feldspathoid from sample ИП Сейд-4925 heated in bonfire, and (3) «classic» sodalite-hackmanite (sample ИП 0246). The photoluminescence spectrum of sapozhnikovite is shown in Raman shift coordinates for Raman excitation laser 532 nm by dashed line.

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9. Fig. 8. Raman spectra of (1) sapozhnikovite (sample ИП 14125), (2) «classic» sodalite-hackmanite (sample ИП 0246), and (3) S-free sodalite from Vishnevye Mts., South Urals.

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10. Fig. 9. Raman spectra of (1) holotype sapozhnikovite, (2) yellow-green feldspathoid from sample ИП Сейд-4925 heated in bonfire, and (3) deep blue feldspathoid from the same sample. Raman spectrum of lazurite from Sar’e Sang, Afghanistan (4) is given for comparison.

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11. Fig. 10. Raman spectra of (1) colourless (sample ИП Кар-7734) and (2) bright blue (sample ИП Кар-7671) feldspathoids associated with Th-rich steenstrupine-(Ce), Karnasurt mine.

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12. Fig. 11. Optical absorption spectrum, measured at room temperature, of an intermediate member of the sodalite–sapozhnikovite series heated in bonfire (sample ИП Сейд-4925).

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13. Fig. 12. ESR spectra of holotype sapozhnikovite irradiated with an X-ray tube (curve 1), holotype sapozhnikovite heated to 700 °C in a muffle furnace in air (curve 2), and blue feldspathoid from sample ИП Сейд-4925 heated in bonfire (curve 3). The vertical dashed lines show the region where the signal from S2●− radical anions is located, the dashed line shows the signal from S3●− radical anions, and the dotted line shows the signal from the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl standard (narrow band).

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