3D MODELLING AND PRINTING IN PRIMARY AND REVISION ARTHROPLASTY



Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Introduction. Acetabular arthroplasty in patients with the abnormal pelvic bone anatomy is a challenging task. In recent years the method of 3D modelling and printing of custom acetabular components is widely used at acetabular arthroplasty in patients with marked bone defects.Purpose of study: to evaluate the accuracy, convenience of the positioning and efficacy of the primary stabilization of custom acetabular components in patients with bone defects at primary and revision hip arthroplasty. Patients and methods. Eighteen surgical interventions using 3D modelling and printing, i.e. 12 for hip instability, 6 — for posttraumatic coxarthrosis were performed. The study included 9 women and 9 men with mean age 60.9±15.8 years. By Paprosky classification in 2 cases the defects corresponded to Type I, in1 case — Type IIA, in 4 cases — Type IIB (posttraumatic coxarthrosis), in 2 cases — Type IIIA, in 10 — Type IIIB out of them 2 cases with pelvic bone separation. Custom components were produced using the method of direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). The whole technologic process took from 4 to 8 weeks and was conducted jointly with the engineers. Results. Exact match of implant form and the defect was observed in 89.9% of cases. In 2 patients with pelvic bone separation additional correction of bone structures was required when placing the acetabular component. In radiograph from 2 to 8 months after surgery the constructions were stable.Conclusion. 3D technology for the custom-made acetabular components is a method of resolving the problem in patients with marked acetabular defects. It enables to plan the surgery, simplifies the choice for screws positioning avoiding their interference. The design features of the implant are three rigid flanges with screw holes that create additional contact with intact parts of the ischial, iliac and pubic bones. Screw fixation ensures initial rigid stability until the biological fixation is achieved.

Full Text

¡››¢¥¬®®Ÿ‘Ž\t‘Œœ®\t¨ªª®©¯°©«°°°°¯±ƒ„„ ‚€‚ƒ­ƒ‚²‘‰’´¨¯’Ž”–‰ŽŠ“‘‰ŽŽ‘‰ŽŠ“‘‰‘‰šŽ’‰žŽŽ’‹”Ž‘‰Žž‰ŽŠ²„•„Ô—™\f‡Š„ƒ„Õ—˜‡Í„ƒ„ƒ˜†‡‰„•„’—”‡„•„…\n\t\b\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f \f\f\n‰\fÖ™\r“\f\f\r™\f‹žŸ\f”””\f\f“\f˜˜˜™“™„…™\fŸ\r\f´™\r“\f\f\f\r™\f”\f™©”\f\f\f\r\f”˜˜”™£°”™\f\f˜\f\r\f\r\f\f˜\f™\f\f™žž–\f„–\f‡™‹\f\f´©©\f\r\f‹\f\f“–\f\f\f™\f\f™žž”\r\r–\f”\f™©”\f\r\f\r\f”\f\f“\f”´™\r“\f\f\f“‹™—„Š‹\r\f×\r¥¨\r\fž”Ÿ\f\r“\f”ž—\f\f£°”™\f\f˜\f\r\f\r\f\f˜‡\f“\fž¥¢\r\r™‹\f\f“‹™—‡·«\r”\f—“„‰™\f\r\r\fž‹¬¦\f\f¬”\f‡™\f“ž\f·¤‡¬Ø¥§‡¨—™„…\f©\f–\f\f\b­¼Æ™©¥\f\f\r±‡¥«\f\r±± ‡¡«\f\r±±Ùš\r”\f\f“œ‡¢«\f\r±±± ‡¥¤«\f\r±±±Ù‡\f“\fž¢Ÿ\f”–\f“\f„…\f\f“—\f\f\f™\f\f™–\f\f\f\r“\f”™\r˜”—“—\r\f˜”š°Ã³œ„•ž—\f\f\r–“\f”¡™¨™\f¦˜˜”™\f\f”\f„\n\t\fÚ\r™\f©”\f”\r\f™©‹‚™¨¬‡¬¸„Û¢š¥¥‡¥¸œ\r–\fŸ\f”–\f“\f‹™\r\f˜\fž\r\f\f™\r–\f\f\f”\r\r™\f„…\fž‹‚™\f˜¢™¨”——””ž–\f\f‹\f„\b\f£°ž—\f˜\f“—\f˜\f™\f\f™žž”\r˜˜˜”™”Ÿ\f˜\r‹”\f˜\r–\f”\f™©”\f\r™\f„Í\r“˜\r\f\r–\f‚‡‹—‹\r“\f–\f\f\f˜\f‡\f“‹—˜\fž\f©–\f\f„’\f‹\f\f”\r\f™ž\fž©–\f˜”\f\r™\f‹\r\f‚™\r\f\f\f”\f˜”\f™\f¦‡\r™“™Ÿ\f‡“©\f–\f\f\f”\f™\f—˜\r˜˜‹\f™™\f\f˜‹\f—\f©\f–\f\f„„‹³‚´„ƒ‚€¬€ºƒ·‡­´»µ€‚²­‚ºƒƒÌ‡ƒ†­ƒº­ƒ‚€²†ƒ­€‚\n€°³ » ƒ €­­ƒº²‡¹ ‚­„µ¼ƒ»‚†€‡´²‡‚‡µ€„‰´»‚­„µ¼´» ƒ\n†ƒƒ¹„ ­ƒ‚¬º€¶‚„ƒ³ ¹€­ƒ‚€¶¬„‡ƒ‚€†­ƒ‚‡ƒ·º†ƒƒ­ ƒ»†ƒ‡‡­¼ —«Š\f\r—‹ ­€‚ ƒƒ\t \r€„\f\f¨Á\f\f­\f\f\f\f­\f\f€\f\f \f¸ \f\f\f…\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f©¥¡ã꩹©¡ä©¢Éœœ¯ž¹ëë¿®›®°Èë¡¥¨©£¡£ë¥ã§¢ã§¦ã©¥¡ã©©¡©¢Œ‚ˆ€‚\f \b¾\t\b\b½­\b¼­\b¼À½½\b¾¿\b­¹¾\b\b¿¼\b½\b»»\b¼Æ„±\b¼½¿½º£°¿º»\bº­»\t¼¿\b\b¾\t\b¿­¼¼Àº\t¼º\b\b\b¾\t\b\b½­\b¼­\b¼À½¿\bƺ¾º¼„ ¹\b\t\b½\b\t\b‡¹½­¼»\bº\b½­¿\b¼\b¾È\b\t¼¿\b\b¾\t\b¿­¼­\b¼À½¾º¼\b­¿\b\bº¹¼½­\b½­\b¼„­€‚­‚ƒ„\fÜ»½¼\t»\b¹¼\t¼»£°¿º»\bº­»‡„„¥¢½­¼\b¾‡·«­¼\b\t¿\bÅ\b½¼¼À­¿º„Á½¼\tº\tºº¬À¿\bº¬¿À½¿\b\b»·¤„¬Ø¥§„¨\b¼„ُ\b­¼Æ\b¼¼\b¢\b¼¼½º¼¼­ººÁ­±‡¥\b¼«Á­±± ‡¡\b¼¼«Á­±±Ùš­¼\b\t¿\bÅ\b½¼¼œ‡¢\b¼¼«Á­±±± ‡¥¤«Á­±±±Ù\t½¿¢\b¼¼À½­¹¾¼­\b\b„Ó\t¼¿¿­¼À­º\tº\t¼»½¿½ºº¿\b\b¼¼»š°Ã³œ„Á½À½½»­¼¼Æ¿¡¨ÀƼ\bºÀ\b¼º\tºÑÀ½½»¼„…†\fÜÅ\b¿\b½¿­\b¿\bº½ºÀ\b¼¾¼¹º¨¬„¬¸\b¼¼„±¢­\b¼À½­¹¾¼­\b\b\bºº\b¾¼\t\t¼À\b¼Â\tºÀ½­\b»½\b\b¾\t\b¿­„±\bº»\b­½¿¢¨¿½¼\b¼\t»½¼\t¼À¼\b¾„‡‚ˆ†€‚\f£°½»½\t¼¿¿\bº\b\b¾\t\b¿­¼¼\b¿½º¼¹»½­¾¿­\b¼À½¿\bƺ\b\b¾\t\bº¼„±\b¾¼­\b½¼\t»‡¼¿­¼½½¼À¼­¼»\b¹º»½„Á½º¼»\b\t¼½¿­\b\b½»º\b»¼À½¼À½¼½\b\b\bºº\b\bÀ½\b­\b¼½¼½\b‡\b\bº­\t¾¾¼„ÀÅ\b¼\t¼\b»º¼\b¾\t½¾»\bÅ\b¼\b½¹º„½£ž¾‘ŒŸ¥¬¡Ž¢Ê‘Ž•›²Œ£’Ž¥Ž‘•–Œ›¡Œ‘¢—–¥›ž²¢‘¥››Œ–”š–›Ž¤¤‘–Œ›¡Œ‘¥Ž¥²–¤£›–¿”—–ŒŸ£˜£¤›²¤”¥›‘š–¤£›–¿”—–Œ¤‘š¢‘•£•›´¨¡\n¨§£µ¨¢\b££µ£¢\b£¡\bª¨\b§®£¤£\n\b¦\b\n¢¤ªÄ„Ë„Ý\b»º‡Ç„ „Ó½\b»\b‡›„ „ Æ¼\b\b†‡„Ë„É\b»\b¿\b¹‡Ü„Ë„¹ÏÏΰ›®°®¬Ï™œ›®š™²Íµ¿›´™²»µžµ™°´É½µšœµ°®Ãа™—˜™œ®²®È™š¿Ä°œÉ®¯™µ¿›´žÍ®ž´®³»—žž›™ CC BY 4.0©\f\n\n\r\nŽâ \f\f ‚­­­€\f­\f\f\r\f€\f‰ ‚\f\f€\f‰ˆ\f ‚Š\f­€\f\f¸ \f\f­ ‚‚‡­\f\f\f\f戍¸…„Œ\f­­¡«¥¥¥¥¥‰ ’\f ‚ì¡í\f ‚ˆ\f‚‚\f \f\f\f‰\f€\f „\f\f\f ‰ˆ‰\fˆ\f\f­­‡­ \f‰¡¥©©ð \f‡ˆ\f쩨í\f€¸‡\f\fˆ€\fˆ\f¸\f€ €\fì£ä§í†ŸŠ„\f\f\f€¸ \f\f­¨¢¢ð\f­­\f€ \f€\f€\f€¸ \f\f­­ß\f‰\f\f€‰\f\f\fß\f€\f ‰\fˆ­‚\f\f \f¸ \f\f\f ‚\f€\f¸‚ ¹\f€ß\f‚\f\f\r\f\f\f \fì¦íŠ‹·´©¥¥«©¥¨¥ˆ\f­\f€\f€\f \f¸ \f\f­ ‚¡¨¦ðìãí„‚ß\f­\f\f­‚\f¸ \f­­ˆ ß\f‡ˆ\f€\f€\f\f \f¸ \f\f ‚ˆ €‚‡’‚è‰\f‰ßŸ‡\f€\f\f \f¸ \f\f­‚‰‚ß\f\f\f\r\fˆ\f\f\f‰ˆ\f \f­­­\fˆ\f€\r\f\f\f\f‚\f\fˆ\f\f€€€‚€\f\f\f‡ˆƒ\rˆ\f\f¾¾¾ÙΙ¯°®ž¶Â\f\f‰ˆ\f­ \f\fß\f‰­\f \f¸ \f\f‡€‡­¡ä«ð€ì¢ä¡©í… \f\f\f\f\r\f€€ß­\f‚\f\f‡\fˆ‰\f\f \f\fˆ\f’­‡’‡ \f€‰€\f \f­\f\f ‚ì¡¨í\f \f‚ß\f‰\r\f€\f‰ˆ‰ì¡£í\f\f¸\f\f‚\f\f\f\f\f \f‰\f\f´—¯´™Èµì¡«ä©£í‰\f ‚­€\f\f\r\f€\f\f€ß\fì©«í\fˆ‰‰\r‰”\f¾¾¾¾¾¾…¾¾¾…ß\f\f \f•\f­ˆ\f\f \fß\f‰\f\f\f‚€\f‰\f\f‰ ˆ­\f…­€\f ‚ˆ\f€’\f­\f€\f­­ˆ‰‰\rˆ\f\f \f‰\f\f¨Á\f\f­\f\f\f\f­Ë›\fì©§í\f\f‰ß\f \f\f­\f‰©§\f\f\rˆ\f\f‰\f©¥¥¨©¥¡¨Ùµ°™ž›\fì©¦í©¥¥¨ä©¥¡©\f\f©ã\f\f\f\f\f\f‰ˆ‰\f‹–®È™š\fì©ã큩€­‰\f \f\f\f\f­ \f\f ß\f ß\f\f\r\r\f\f\fì©ãí…\f’‚ \f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f ‰\f­€\f­­ˆ‰\rˆ\f쩢䨣폭\f‰\f¨Á\f\f­€¡¢ã¥‰…€¡¢¢¥‰Žƒ\f Š‰\f\f‚ ‚‰\f­\f \f­”¼Ë¼•ˆ\f\f \f‡ ­ß”Éœœ¯¹ëë³³³¨¿¯—²žµ°—ëšµ³žë›šœµ°µžš®µ®¨¿ë¶°™œ¶™Â™›žœ®°›Â™¨¿¯µ´É™œ›ë•ƒ­‰\f­­ \f\f­\f’\f­¨Á\f\f­\f\f\f\f­\r\f\fƒß\f‰\f€\fß\f\f‚‡‰\f‡­ß\f\f\f‰\fˆ\f\f‰\f \f‰\fì©¢í \f‡‰\f\f¼Ë¼­­­­ \f­”ÁÍ˼•\f\f‚€\f\f\f€\f\fß\fƒ\f €‡À‘•˜—Ž¤›‘˜Ž•›£Œ£¥›¬›¡£–”›¡‘Œ¥¥›–›£•‘¤‘•˜—Ž¤›‘˜Ž•›£Œ£¥›Á”•ŸŽ•œ¬›¡£¥›”Ÿž¾–¥¢£Œ˜‘Œš£Ÿ¾Ž›¡•‘£Â›£Œ•–—˜”•ŸŽ•œ¶™¨Ç¥Å²Å¥™š‹µ”¶œžœ·•®¡²°¸§ž”¶¡”•›šš˜—£±”•¡”•´šª”¶ž”¬”•œ™¥°“œ˜—™œ¡¹°¨ÁÍ®¿µ²²›šÈ™š¿Î°›šœ›šÈ›šÎ°›˜™°Â™š¿»µ¬›ž›®šÅ°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂÏÏΰ›®°®¬Æ®—°š™²®Ãа™—˜™œ®²®È™š¿Ä°œÉ®¯µ¿›´ž©¥¡ã꩹©¡ä©¢”›š»—žž›™š•Éœœ¯ž¹ëë¿®›®°Èë¡¥¨©£¡£ë¥ã§¢ã§¦ã©¥¡ã©©¡©¢¨’‡\f€\f‚€\f\f\f\f\f ­‚\fˆ\f\f\f\f\f\fŽÁÍ˼\f‰‚­ ­\f‰\f‰\f€\f€\fˆ\f­€ ­¸\f’\f ‰\f­€\f \f­€\f­\f­­ß‚€‡\rŠ’\f\f‰’\f­\f\r\fŒ\f \f­\f€\fˆ‚\f’\fŠ\f­\fˆ\f­ €\f ­­’‡¸‰\f€\f  ß\f\f€€\f\f­­\fß\f\f­­ˆ\f­‡’\f‰€ ­ \fˆ\r‡€­¸‚ ‚‰\f\f\f­\f‰‰Š‰€‡\f ß\f ­€\f\f€\f‚‡’\f‰\f€‚‚\fˆ\f­\f€ˆ\f­\f\f\f\f \f\f‡€­\f”Éœœ¯¹ë먿œ®¿™Â°—ë³›¶›ë¼Ë¼õ¯°›šœë•Ÿ\f\f­¹\f€‚\f\f¸\r\r\f\f€‚\f\f \f\f\f\f\f‰ˆ‰\f ‰‰\f\fÁÍ˼\f­ˆ\f\f\r\f\f\f€\f\f \f¸ \f\f\f ‚‹­‚­‚©¥¡¦\f¡ã\f\f\f\f ‰¨Á\f\fˆ\f¡ã\f† \f‰¡©‚\f\f \fß­ \f\f€\f߁\f§\f€¸ \f\f\f€ ‹\f\f‰‚¢ˆ’\f\f¢ˆ€\f\f‰\f \f§¥¢ï¡«ã¨¡ã¥•†\f‚¸\f€\f\f\f\f\f…\f¸\f\f\f­\f\f\f‚­ ­­\f  \f\f…ˆ\f\fˆ\f\f\f \f‰‰ ‚\f\f\f\r\f\fÚÇΙ¯°®ž¶Â쨡텀\f \f¸ \f\f­¡¥\f\f\f\r\f¾¾¾Ù‰\f\f\fˆ€\f©‰ˆ\f \f ß\f\f ˆ\f…‰©€­‰\r\f\f¾¾¾‰ˆ\f\fˆ…€\f€¸ \f\f­£\f‚\f\r\f¾¾Ù‰\f‰…‰€­‰\r\f\f¾´€\f\f¾¾‰\f\f\fˆ…\f­ˆ\f\r\fˆ\f€\f‡\f\r\f‡‚‰\f\f\f \f­\f\f\fˆ…\f\f\f\f\f\f\f‰ˆ‰\f\f\f\f \f­\f\r\f\f½½Ùµ°™ž›\fì¡¡í\f \f­\f\fß‚\f­ˆ‡’\f ‚\f­\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\r\f\fƒ­ \f­\f\f\f\f\fˆ\f\f‚\f \fˆ\fâ\f­\f\f \f­‚‚\f ‚ˆ\f\f¨Á€\f\f\f\f‡€\fŽŠ\f\f \f\f’\f \f¥«ï¥¡­\f\fꀉŽŠ\rÁ¾½ÄÍ\fˆ\f\fê‚‚\f ‚ˆ\f­€\f’\f­\f‰\f \f\f\r¨Á\fˆ ”\f¡•ê\f\f\r¨Á\f\r¯¿Ã‰\f”\f©•ê \f\f\f\f\f\f ‡\f€\f\f\f\f\r\f\f\r\fˆ\f€‡¡\f\f\f\rŽÓŽŽŠ\f ‚ˆ\f”•\f”•‚‚\f\f€\f’\f­­\f‰¶¥¸ŽÓŽ½Ð›˜™ÈµÊµÃ®°µ”•™š¿™Ãœµ°”•¯°®´µžž›šÈ™š¿¯—°›Ã›´™œ›®šÃ°®˜›šœµ°Ãµ°µš´µž™š¿ž®Ãœœ›žž—µžª€­€‰\r\f\f\fˆ¨Á\f\f \fß‰\f\fÁÍ˼ê\f\f \f­\f\f\f\f­…€\f\f\f\f \f\r\f\f\f‚ €‚\f \f\f‡ €‚€\f\f€‡‚\f\f”\f£ä§•‹ \f\f­­­\f‰\f€\f \f‡’\f£ã\f­ŽŠ\f’­­\f€\fˆ\f’†ˆ…\f\f­\f\f \f­‚€­‰‚\f\f\f­­\f\f‚\f\f \f \f\f¸ ‚\f\f \f\f\f‡€‚\f\f\f‚\f\f\f\f‚\f‚€‚\f\f­\fŒ’­\fˆ­\f€ß‹\fˆ\f­\f‚\f\f­\f\f\f‡‚‚‰‰\f‡’\f‰\f‰‡\f…‚­ ­’­\f ‚\fß­ˆ\f\f\f­\f‰­\f‚\f\f€\f ’\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f‡\f‡‹‡’\f¸\f\f\r\f\f‡\f \f\f\f€ \f­€ß\f\r‰­\fˆ\f­\f€‚\f\r\f\f\f„\f‡\f\f\f\f‚\f\f\f\f\f¸\f\f­\f\f‚\f‚¸\f­\f\f’‡ \f\f‰\f€\f\f\f  ‰\f\f\f‚\f \f߁\f­\f€\f‚ \fß\f\f‰€­‰­­­\f\f\f€\f‚\f \f\f’‡ ‚‡€€‚€\f€‚ ­\f­\fŠˆ‚­ \f­­’\f­\f‰‚\f\f’‚­\f­\f \f\f\f\f\f\f\r\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f \f\f\f\f\fŽÒŽ ‚\f\r\f\f\f\f\f\fˆ\f\f­\f¶¥¸ŽÒŽÁµ¬µ²®¯˜µšœ®Ã™¿›È›œ™²›˜¯²™šœ˜®¿µ²¿µœµ°˜›š™œ›®š®ÃœÉµ™´µœ™Ê—²™°´®˜¯®šµšœ®°›µšœ™œ›®š™š¿œÉµ¿›°µ´œ›®š®ÃœÉµž´°µ³žŽÔŽ\f­ €\f\f¶¥¸ŽÔŽÎ®°®—žžœ°—´œ—°µ®ÃœÉµÊ™´¶ž›¿µ®ÃœÉµ›˜¯²™šœ\f\fˆ€€\f\r\f\fˆ\f\f\r\f\f\f\f\r\f\f\rê \f\f\r\f\f\f\f‡’\f\f\f\f­\f¹\f\r\f­\f\f­ ß\f\f’­\fê\f­\f\f\f\f­\f\r\f\f\f\fê\f\f‰‰\f\f‡’\f‰‡”\f¨•ê‚ß­\r\f€­€ ˆ‡\f \f­\f­‚ߍ\f\f\f‚\f\fê\f­­\f\f­\r\f€€\f”\f£¥î\f­¡«î•€‚\f\f\f­\f­\f‡ ¸\f­\f\f\f\f\rê\f­\r‚’\f€\f­\f\f \f꧎Վ\fŠ«¦\f\f¹‚\f¸  ‚\rˆ\f\f\r\f\f\fΙ¯°®ž¶Â\f¾¾¾Ùê\f\f\f\f­ \f\f ’‡¨Á‰\f\fꍍ\f\f¹\f€­\f€­\r\f\f­\f¶¥¸ŽÕŽÎ™œ›µšœÐÍ«¦Âµ™°ž®²¿°™¿›®È°™¯Éʵî°µž—°Èµ°Â¹œÉµ›šžœ™Ê›²›œÂ®ÃœÉµœ®œ™²µš¿®¯°®žœÉµž›ž®ÃœÉµ²µÃœÉ›¯Þ®›šœœÂ¯µ¾¾¾Ù™´µœ™Ê—²™°¿µÃµ´œ™´´®°¿›šÈœ®œÉµÎ™¯°®ž¶Â´²™žž›Ã›´™œ›®šê¬›µ³®ÃœÉµÃ›š›žÉµ¿›˜¯²™šœ™š¿œÉµ¯²™žœ›´˜®¿µ²®ÃœÉµ¯µ²¬›´Ê®šµ¯°®¿—´µ¿—ž›šÈ¨Áœµ´Éš®²®ÈÂê°™¿›®È°™¯Éž™Ãœµ°ž—°Èµ°Â¹™ž®²›¿¯°›˜™°Â›˜¯²™šœÃ›À™œ›®š›šœÉµÊ®šµÉ™žÊµµš™´É›µ¬µ¿œÉµ™š™œ®˜›´™²¯®ž›œ›®š®ÃœÉµ™´µœ™Ê—²—˜É™žÊµµš°µžœ®°µ¿ŽÖŽ\f\t¦©\f\f¹‚\f¸  ‚\rˆ\f\f\r\f\f\fΙ¯°®ž¶Â\f¾¾¾Ùß\f\f \fê\f­ˆ \f¹€\f\f\rê\f¨Á\f\f\fˆ\f­\r\f­\f \f­€‚’\fê \f\fˆ\f\f\r\f\f\f\f \f\f\fꭍ\f\f¹\f€­\f‚\f­\r\f\f­ \f¶¥¸ŽÖŽÎ™œ›µšœÇ¦©Âµ™°ž®²¿°™¿›®È°™¯Éʵî°µœÉµž—°Èµ°Â¹›šžœ™Ê›²›œÂ®ÃœÉµœ®œ™²µš¿®¯°®žœÉµž›ž®ÃœÉµ²µÃœÉ›¯Þ®›šœœÂ¯µ¾¾¾Ù™´µœ™Ê—²™°¿µÃµ´œ™´´®°¿›šÈœ®œÉµÎ™¯°®ž¶Â´²™žž›Ã›´™œ›®š™²®šÈ³›œÉ¬›®²™œ›®š®ÃœÉµ¯µ²¬›´Ê®šµ›šœµÈ°›œÂêœÉµ¯²™žœ›´˜®¿µ²®ÃœÉµ™Ãõ´œµ¿¯µ²¬›´Ê®šµ¹™¿µÃµ´œ›ž´²µ™°²Â¬›ž›Ê²µê¯°µ®¯µ°™œ›¬µ¨Á˜®¿µ²²›šÈ³›œÉœÉµ¿µœµ°˜›š™œ›®š®ÃœÉµÃ²™šÈµ¯®ž›œ›®š™ž³µ²²™žœÉµ¿›°µ´œ›®š®ÃœÉµž´°µ³žêœÉµ¯®°®—ž¯™°œ®ÃœÉµÃ—œ—°µ›˜¯²™šœ›žÉ›Èɲ›ÈÉœµ¿›šÈ°µµšê ›šœ°™®¯µ°™œ›¬µ¯®ž›œ›®š®ÃœÉµ›˜¯²™šœ™Ãœµ°Ã›À™œ›®š³›œÉž¯®šÈž´°µ³žê­°™¿›®È°™¯É™Ãœµ°ž—°Èµ°Â¹™žœ°®šÈ™š¿žœ™Ê²µÃ›À™œ›®š®ÃœÉµ¯µ²¬›´Ê®šµ›ž™´É›µ¬µ¿™ž³µ²²™ž›œž›šœµÈ°›œÂ›ž°µžœ®°µ¿ ­©Ž×Ž\f««Í\f\f¹\f€\f \f\f‰\f‚\f\rˆ\f\f\r\f\f\fΙ¯°®ž¶Â\f¾¾…ê\f­ \f\f ­¨Á\fê\f\f\f¹\f\fˆ\f\f\r\f\f\fꠍ\f\f\f€¸ \f\f­ ‚\f \f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f ‚ߍ…‚¶¥¸Ž×ŽÎ™œ›µšœÅ««Âµ™°ž®²¿Í°™¿›®È°™¯Éʵî°µœÉµž—°Èµ°Â¹¯®žœœ°™—˜™œ›´´®À™°œÉ°®ž›žÉ›ÈÉ¿›ž²®´™œ›®š®ÃœÉµÉµ™¿®ÃœÉµ°›Èɜõ˜—°œÂ¯µ¾¾Ù™´µœ™Ê—²™°¿µÃµ´œ™´´®°¿›šÈœ®œÉµÎ™¯°®ž¶Â´²™žž›Ã›´™œ›®šê͜ɵ¯²™žœ›´˜®¿µ²®ÃœÉµ¯µ²¬›´Ê®šµ¯°®¿—´µ¿—ž›šÈ™¨Á¯°›šœµ°êͯ°µ®¯µ°™œ›¬µ¯²™šš›šÈ¹œÉµœÂ¯µ™š¿¯®ž›œ›®š®ÃœÉµ›˜¯²™šœ™Ãœµ°Ã›À™œ›®šê Í°™¿›®È°™¯É™Ãœµ°œÉµž—°Èµ°Â®ÃœÉµ¯°›˜™°Âœ®œ™²µš¿®¯°®žœÉµœ›´ž®ÃœÉµ°›Èɜɛ¯Þ®›šœ—ž›šÈ™š›š¿›¬›¿—™²¿µž›Èš™š¿®žœµ®žÂšœÉµž›ž®ÃœÉµÈ°µ™œµ°œ°®´É™šœµ°™´´®°¿›šÈœ®ÚµÊµ° …€­‰\f€¸ \f\f­\f­\f\f‰\f\f­\f‚\f\f‡€‚\f\f\f \f\fŒ’­\fˆ\f\f­‚‰\f\f­\f\f‰ˆ\f­\f‚‚\f\f\f\fß\f ˆ\fŒ‚‚\f‚\r\f\fß\f­\f\f\r\f\f\f‡’‡ˆ\f­‚ˆ\f’\f­ß\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f‚†\f¸\f­\f\f \f\f\f\f\f\f\f­ ‰‚ß\f\f \f\f‰\f€‡­­­ ­\f\f\f\f\f‰\f \f\f\f­ß\f‚‡’ˆ\f’\f\f\f €ß\f­ \f\f€\f\f\f‰\f\f\f’\f‡‰\f­\f‡€\f­’\f­\f\fß\f­ ˆ\f­ˆ‡’\f‰­\f‰‚‰\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f­­\f‰­\f‰‚\f\f’\f„ß\f­\fˆ\f\f€\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\rŽ€ˆ­­­\f‚\f\f\f­­­¸ ‚\f\f\f€\f\f \f‚‰\f‰‚ \f…¡§”㢢𕀭‰\f\f€\f\f\r€‚€\f€‡\f€‡\r\f\f‡…©”¡¡¡ð•‚‡\f­‰\fß\f\f \f\f\f‰\f€‚\f\f\f\f\f‰\f‚\f\f€\r\f\f\f\f\f‹‚‡\f­\f©ã…©€­‰\f\f \f­ ‚\f\f\f’â\f\f­‰ˆ\f­\f€\f‡’€\f\f€ ¨\f‚‡\f\r\f\fˆ\f­\f\f\f\f€\f  \f­€ ¡«\f\f\f ß\f‰\f¸ ˆ\f \f‹­¨\f\f\f \f­€ «‚’\f­”„Ž•‘€\f­ˆ\f€\f­\f‚\f\f \f\f­\f­\f\f ß\f‰\f¸ … \fˆ\få ¦\f‚\f­ˆ‚\f‚\f\f€\f\fˆ\f€\f\f‚\f\f‚­ \f€‚\f­ß\f‚\f\f¸ \f \f\f \f\f‚\f‡ˆ\fß\f\f \f\f‚’\f\f€ ¨\f\f‰­\f\f­\f’\f\f\f\f€\f\f­‚\fŠ\f‚ ¢££ð€‰\f\f‚\f‚\f\f€‚э­ß\f ‚ˆ‰\f€‰\f€\f‰\f\f\f€’\f­\f\f\f\f\f\f‰ˆ‰\f\f\f \f¸ \f\f\f ‚\f­ˆ\f\r\f‚\fˆ\f\fß\f \f­‰\f ‡\f\f‰\f\f…©¥¡©ÍÆЙ—šœ®š\fì¨©í‚\f\f \f\f­\f\f\f‰ˆ‰\f«¦\f\f‚‡\f­§«…¸©¥\f‚\f\f \fß\f€\f\f‰­­\fß\f‚¸ \f\f­ß\f\f­\f€ß\f\f\f\fˆ\f\f‚‡«¨ð€…ˆ\f\f\f¢ãð\f‰ß\f\f \fã¡ð€­\f\f€\f\f \f’\f­\f‡\r\f\f\f‚ߍ\f\f \r\f\f\f ˆˆ\f\r\f \f\f­‚\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f‡’\f‰\f¸ …€­‰‚­\f­‚\f\f \f­ˆ ‚\f\f‚\f\f\f \f­\fß­ ‡\f‰´®šžœ°™›šµ¿\f\f\fë‚\f\fÁÖÁµÙ®µ°\fì¨¨íˆ\f\f \f \f‰\f§¦ ‚‰‰\f€ß\f­\f \f\f\f\f‰\f\f\r‰\f¾Ô\f\r\f\f\fÅÅļ ˆ\f\f\f\f\f‰\f\f‚‡\f­«¨\f¡¥¥ð\f‡\f €\f­­\fˆ ˆˆ\r\f\f\f \f\f‰‰\fˆ ­¸\r\r\f­\f‡\f\f\f \f\f\f\f\f‰\f…‡€\fß\f\r\f‚‡‚­ \f \f­\f\f\f‰\f‚¸\f­\f‚\f\f\f\f \f­\f\f\f\f ‰’‡¨Á\f\f­àß\f\f\f\f€\f\f\f€\f €\f€\f‰‚‡\f­‰\f¸\f€\f\f\f‡’\f\f‰\f\fß\fß\f‡‚ß‡\f‚­\f\f‰\f\f\fˆ\f­\f„ŽŠ\f€\fˆ\f\f\fâ\f‰¸‰ \f­\f\f\f‰\f \f\f€\f\f€\f\fˆ\f\f\f\f\f\fŸ­\r\f\f­\f¸\f€ß\f\f€\f\f€‰\f­\r\f\f\fß\f ­ ’\f‡’\f­‰\f ì¨£í \f\f\f\f\f‡ˆ…­‰ €\f\f\f‡’­‡\f\f\f‡\fŠ\f‚ \fˆ\fˆ\f\f\r\f\f \f\f\f\f‰ˆ‰\f\f \f\f\f‡’‰‡‚€\f\f‡‰\f‡\f‚߇ ˆ\f­\f€\f‚€\f‡‚\f€\f€­‰\f­‚\f‚¸\r\r\f\f€\f\f­ˆ‰‰\rˆ\f\f‚\f\f¸ \f€\f‰ ˆ‰€­‰\f\f€  \f‡€\f \f\f\f\f‰ˆ‰ ­\f­\f\f­ˆ‰\rˆ\f‚‰\f\f\f­\f‚\f­ ’\f­\f‰\r‹\f‰\f\f\f‰\f‚‚‡\n\r\nŽ‹‚€\f\f¨Á\f ­‡\f\fß\f\f \f\f\f‰ˆ‰€\f­\f€\f‡’­\f€\f­ˆ\f ß\f­\f\f\r\fˆ\f¨Á‰\f­\f \f­\f\f\f‰ˆ‰­­­\f\f ß\f­‚€\f­\fˆ\f\r\fˆ\f„ ­\f\f‡‚€‚ \f\f\f\f­\f\f ‚­\f‰\f\r\f\fŽ\f‚\f\f\f‰ˆ\f‰\r\f­\f\f‚€\f‡\f€\f\f\f€­\f\f’ ß €\r\f\f\f\f\f\f­€­ˆ­‚\f\fˆ\f­‚\f\f€\r\f\f\fÃÄÅÁÅÅ\bÀÅÆÇ¡‡‹Ë\f \f­\f ‚\f\f€ß\f\f¸ ¹\r\föê©¥¥¢ì¨¢ž¡˜¡œ™°Ç¢»µ¬›ž›®šÉ›¯™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂ›š›˜¯²™šœ™žµ¯œ›´²®®žµš›šÈÁ°˜µ¿ž´›Á›žžÍ®ž´®³ê©¥¥¢”›š»—žž›™š•í©Š‡‹\n…‚\f\f€\f\f‰‰ˆ\fŠ\f­\f\f­\f\f©¥¡£ê”¡•¹¢©¦ì›ž®•«šš¼¢•£œ™š°¥§˜¡£œ™Ðɵ´É®›´µ®Ãž—°È›´™²™¯¯°®™´É›šœÉµœ°µ™œ˜µšœ®Ãœ³®´®²—˜š™´µœ™Ê—²™°Ã°™´œ—°µžÐ°™—˜™œ®²®È™š¿®°œÉ®¯µ¿›´ž®Ã»—žž›™©¥¡£ê”¡•¹¢©¦”›š»—žž›™š•í¨º˜óž®±¯¾œ·¦”¡À°—•·é¶§µ—–”˜¼É®°œœµ°˜°µž—²œž®Ãœ®œ™²É›¯°µ¯²™´µ˜µšœ¿—µœ®™´µœ™Ê—²™°Ã°™´œ—°µž×¶²µ˜–™žœ™²¶½µ°°™É›ž›©¥¡¨ê©£”©•¹§£¦¡¿®›¹¡¥«§¥§ëµÉ´©¥¡¨¡§£Ë†‹‰€\f‡\fˆ\f­\fˆ\f\f©¥¥§ê¡¹¨ã£©ì¨®˜¡¢£œ™šÇ¢“žœ•±£®£§ššÍ®¿µ°š™¯¯°®™´Éµžœ®œ°µ™œ˜µšœ®Ã¯™œ›µšœž³›œÉ´®À™²´™¬›œÂ›šÞ—°›µžÎ®²›œ°™¬˜™©¥¥§ê¡¹¨ã£©”›š»—žž›™š•í«¨œ—·¾¼Ã®˜˜±œ•¥¹»µž™²œž®Ã®¯µ°™œ›¬µœ°µ™œ˜µšœ®Ãð™´œ—°µž®ÃœÉµ¯®žœµ°›®°³™²²®ÃœÉµ™´µœ™Ê—²—˜ÆÙ®šµÆ®›šœ¼—°ÈŘ©¥¥©êã£Å”«•¹¦«©¢§©”®ž·šª—”–®•¶ÅºÅ´µœ™Ê—²™°Ã°™´œ—°µž¹™¡§Âµ™°¯°®ž¯µ´œ›¬µµ¯›¿µ˜›®²®È›´™²žœ—¿ÂÆÙ®šµÆ®›šœ¼—°ÈÙ°©¥¥«ê㦔¦•¹¢§¢¦¨¿®›¹¡¥¡¨¥©ë¥¨¥¡§©¥çã¦Ù¦¡§¥¡¦¦¥¢˜˜®™”•“¨¨”½ª—•¦®—ż¸”˜˜”¶§”•ÅÅÅœ§•±–œ•¼¸Ð®œ™²É›¯™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂ³›œÉ´µ˜µšœ›š¯™œ›µšœž³É®™°µ²µžžœÉ™šÃ›ÃœÂµ™°ž®²¿Åž›Àœµµšœ®œ³µšœÂœ³®Âµ™°Ã®²²®³—¯žœ—¿ÂÆÙ®šµÆ®›šœ¼—°ÈŘ¡¢¢£ê¦§”§•¹ã§¨¢ãª¢ž–¦¥´•¶ª©”¢¹—–”˜Î°®Þµ´œ›®šž®Ã¯°›˜™°Â™š¿°µ¬›ž›®šÉ›¯™š¿¶šµµ™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂ›šœÉµÑš›œµ¿¼œ™œµžÃ°®˜©¥¥«œ®©¥¨¥ÆÙ®šµÆ®›šœ¼—°ÈŘ©¥¥¦ê㢔£•¹¦ã¥«¿®›¹¡¥©¡¥§ëÞÊޞ奩©©¢“”³žœ±£¡Ã›“—žœ•”“›©”Äž—•½—ŨŴµœ™Ê—²™°¿µÃµ´œ´²™žž›Ã›´™œ›®š™š¿ž—°È›´™²°µ´®šžœ°—´œ›®š›š°µ¬›ž›®š™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂŧµ™°Ã®²²®³—¯µ¬™²—™œ›®šÆÅ°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂ¡¢¢£ê¢”¡•¹¨¨££¿®›¹¡¥¡¥¥¦ëž¡¡¢¢¢¥¡¨¨©§££¡¥¾—žž¡¤Å“”³žœ±£¡©¤›»”•±±—•š¤¸”Ÿ”•—˜”岬›´¿›ž´®šœ›š—›œÂ›š°µ¬›ž›®šœ®œ™²É›¯™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂÆÙ®šµÆ®›šœ¼—°ÈŘ¡¢¢¢êã¡Å¹¡§¢©¡¦¥©¡¡ªœ±”±§™®˜®Ç¾”½£±–—®•¤¥”Æ®ž´—–”˜Å´µœ™Ê—²™°°µ¬›ž›®š—ž›šÈ™š™šœ›¯°®œ°—ž›®š”›²›®›ž´É›™²•´™Èµ™š¿œ°™Êµ´—²™°˜µœ™²™´µœ™Ê—²™°´®˜¯®šµšœÃ®°žµ¬µ°µ™´µœ™Ê—²™°Ê®šµ²®žž™žž®´›™œµ¿³›œÉ¯µ²¬›´¿›ž´®šœ›š—›œÂÆÙ®šµÆ®›šœ¼—°ÈÙ°©¥¥¢ê¢¡”¦•¹ã¦¥§¿®›¹¡¥¡¨¥©ë¥¨¥¡§©¥ç¢¡Ù¦©©¡ã¡¡©¾—ž”±®¸¸¯°¾—ž—•·ª¼š·”¬±Å¾—–”˜Å°µ´—žœ®˜œ°›Ã²™šÈµ™´µœ™Ê—²™°´®˜¯®šµšœžµÃõ´œ›¬µÃ®°°µ´®šžœ°—´œ›®š®Ã´™œ™žœ°®¯É›´Ê®šµ²®žžá½²›šÄ°œÉ®¯»µ²™œ»µž©¥¡«ê”£¦¨•¹«©ã¨«¿®›¹¡¥¡¥¥¦ëž¡¡¢¢¢¥¡£¨¢§¢Õ¡¨¤—”žŸœž•ÅÀ»”žž®±Ã»–›Èɯ²™´µ˜µšœ®Ã™š™´µœ™Ê—²™°´®˜¯®šµšœ›šžµ°œµ¿³›œÉ®—œ´µ˜µšœ›š™°µ¬›ž›®šœ®œ™²É›¯™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂ»µž—²œž™Ãœµ°™˜µ™š®ÃœµšÂµ™°žÆ¡£Ã§”˜—¡š©¾—žž¡¤Å»”ž¬±—•Ã¥×Àœ°™²™°Èµ—š´µ˜µšœµ¿Éµ˜›ž¯Éµ°›´™²™´µœ™Ê—²™°´®˜¯®šµšœžÃ®°°µ¬›ž›®šœ®œ™²É›¯™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂÆÙ®šµÆ®›šœ¼—°ÈŘ©¥¥¡êã¨Å”¢•¹¡¨«©¦¡«›žœ±±š¹¥”˜—§ªÅÃœ•¶“Å´µœ™Ê—²™°°µ¬›ž›®š—ž›šÈÈ°™Ãœž™š¿´™ÈµžÅ˜ÆÄ°œÉ®¯”Ùµ²²µÍµ™¿ÏÆ•©¥¥©ê¨¡”£•¹©¡¨«¡§¼œ±—•Ÿ—ž¶ÃÅ¥½§ž—¢ž±¾Ã·—Ô”˜¨”˜—Ʈ̖¨¸—–”˜¾˜¯™´œµ¿˜®°žµ²›Õµ¿Ê®šµÈ°™Ãœ›šÈ™š¿´µ˜µšœµ¿¯°›˜™°Âœ®œ™²É›¯™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂî°™´µœ™Ê—²™°¯°®œ°—ž›®š›š¯™œ›µšœž³›œÉ°Éµ—˜™œ®›¿™°œÉ°›œ›žÅ´œ™Ä°œÉ®¯¼´™š¿©¥¥¥ê¦¡¹¡£¨¦¿®›¹¡¥¡¥ã¥ë¥¥¥¡§£¦¥¥¨¡¦£¡¨¡¥©¡¦¥”˜—§ªÅÅ”žœ±¦¡•±£®›Ãœœ·¶”–—¯—–”˜»µ¬›ž›®šœ®œ™²É›¯™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂ³›œÉœÉµ—žµ®Ãžœ°—´œ—°™²™´µœ™Ê—²™°™²²®È°™Ãœ™š¿°µ´®šžœ°—´œ›®š°›šÈ¹™´™žµžµ°›µž³›œÉ™¡¥Âµ™°™¬µ°™ÈµÃ®²²®³—¯ÆÅ°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂ©¥¥¥ê¡«”㕹¢«¡ã¡ã¥½§ž—¢ž±¾Ã¥˜œœÆÆÀž¢¬”“—–”˜Å´µœ™Ê—²™°°µ´®šžœ°—´œ›®š³›œÉ›˜¯™´œµ¿˜®°žµ²²›žµ¿´™š´µ²²®—žÊ®šµÈ°™Ãœ™š¿´µ˜µšœÅ¡¥œ®¡«Âµ™°Ã®²²®³—¯®Ã§¥°µ¬›ž›®š™°œÉ°®¯²™žœ›µžÆÙ®šµÆ®›šœ¼—°ÈÙ°¡¢¢ãêã¥Ù¹¨¢¡«¡¢¥½§ž—¢ž±¾Ã™”•À®—¢—•À›¾¢¬”“—–”˜Ò™¬®—°™Ê²µ°µž—²œž®Ã™´µœ™Ê—²™°°µ´®šžœ°—´œ›®š³›œÉ›˜¯™´œµ¿˜®°žµ²›Õµ¿È°™Ãœž›š¯™œ›µšœžÂ®—šÈµ°œÉ™šÃ›ÃœÂµ™°žÅ´œ™Ä°œÉ®¯¼´™š¿©¥¥¡ê¦©¹¡©¥§¿®›®°Èë¡¥¡¥ã¥ë¥¥¥¡§£¦¥¡¨¡¦¨©¨¨«£©¥¥§®•”žšš»”žž®±Ã»Ù—²¶žœ°—´œ—°™²™—œ®Èµš®—žÈ°™Ãœž™š¿™²²®È°™ÃœžÃ®°°µ´®šžœ°—´œ›®š®ÃœÉµ™´µœ™Ê—²—˜›šœ®œ™²É›¯™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂ¼›ÀœµµšÂµ™°™¬µ°™ÈµÃ®²²®³—¯ÆÙ®šµÆ®›šœ¼—°ÈŘ¡¢¢¦ê¦¢”©•¹¡«¢¡§ã©¡Ã—˜–—•¨©¨¥½§ž—¢ž±¾Ã¾¢¬”“—–”˜Å´µœ™Ê—²™°°µ´®šžœ°—´œ›®š³›œÉ›˜¯™´œµ¿˜®°´µ²²›Õµ¿´™š´µ²²®—ž™—œ®È°™Ãœ™š¿´µ˜µšœµ¿¯°›˜™°Âœ®œ™²É›¯™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂ¹¡¥œ®¡¦Âµ™°Ã®²²®³—¯žœ—¿ÂÆÅ°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂ©¥¥¥ê¡«”¦•¹ã¡¢©£©©¾—žž¡¤Å¨ü˜˜—ž¨¹»µ¬›ž›®š™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂ—ž›šÈ™š™šœ›¯°®œ°—ž›®´™ÈµÃ®°˜™žž›¬µ™´µœ™Ê—²™°Ê®šµ¿µÃ›´›µš´ÂÆÙ®šµÆ®›šœ¼—°ÈÙ°¡¢¢©ê¦£”«•¹¦¡¡«©¨›žœ±±š¹›œœ·¬”•¥Ðɵ´—°°µšœ°®²µ®Ãžœ°—´œ—°™²È°™Ãœž™š¿´™Èµž›š°µ¬›ž›®š™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂ®ÃœÉµÉ›¯½²›šÄ°œÉ®¯»µ²™œ»µž©¥¥£ê”£©¢•¹¡¢¨©¥¥©£“—–—ž±¸©¸¢ž–”®•¨¥”¬¢—˜±œ•ª¨Å´µœ™Ê—²™°°µ¬›ž›®š³›œÉœÉµÙ—°´É¼´Éš›µ¿µ°™šœ›¯°®œ°—ž›®´™Èµ™š¿´™š´µ²²®—ž™²²®È°™ÃœÊ®šµÆÅ°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂ¡¢¢«ê¡¥¹¨¥¦¡©©«¥®—¶¬—–§š¤¢•½”•¸“¨”±ž®¾š—–”˜Í®¿—²™°œ™šœ™²—˜™—ȘµšœžÃ®°™´µœ™Ê—²™°¿µÃµ´œž›š°µ¬›ž›®šÉ›¯™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂ½²›šÄ°œÉ®¯»µ²™œ»µž©¥¥¢ê£§¦”¡•¹¡¢¢©¥«¿®›¹¡¥¡¥¥¦ëž¡¡¢¢¢¥¥ã¥«£¢¥©§©®»Â¢Î¨”œÇ—–”˜½—žœ®˜™´µœ™Ê—²™°´™Èµž®Ãõ°žœ™Ê²µÃ›À™œ›®š™š¿›˜¯°®¬µ¿–›¯¼´®°µžÃ®°°µ¬›ž›®šÐ–ų›œÉžµ¬µ°µÊ®šµ¿µÃµ´œž½²›šÄ°œÉ®¯»µ²™œ»µž©¥¡«ê£¦£”¨•¹¦¨¡£¥¿®›¹¡¥¡¥¥¦ëž¡¡¢¢¢¥¡«£«ã¦¥©¦¾—ž”±®¸¸¾—ž—•·ª¼š·”¬±Å¾—–”˜Å°µ´—žœ®˜œ°›Ã²™šÈµ™´µœ™Ê—²™°´®˜¯®šµšœžµÃõ´œ›¬µÃ®°°µ´®šžœ°—´œ›®š®Ã´™œ™žœ°®¯É›´Ê®šµ²®žžá½²›šÄ°œÉ®¯»µ²™œ»µž©¥¡£ê£¦¨”©•¹«©ã¨«¿®›¹¡¥¡¥¥¦ëž¡¡¢¢¢¥¡£¨¢§¢Õ©ã»œ¶”•¸¼®—±¨Ð°µ™œ˜µšœ®Ã˜™žž›¬µ™´µœ™Ê—²™°Ê®šµ²®žž™š¿¯µ²¬›´¿›ž´®šœ›š—›œÂ³›œÉ™´—žœ®˜œ°›Ã²™šÈµ´®˜¯®šµšœ™š¿›²›®ž™´°™²Ã›À™œ›®šÊ™žµ¿®š¯°µ®¯µ°™œ›¬µ½Ðœµ˜¯²™œ›šÈÅ°µ¯®°œ®Ã©´™žµž–›¯¾šœ©¥¡«ê©«”§•¹«ã«ã¿®›¹¡¥«¨¥¡ëÉ›¯›šœ«¥¥¥©£¦©¢\t€‡‹ËŠ‡Ï­\f\f\f\f\f‰ˆ‰\f\f \f¸ \f\f\f ‚Š\f­\f\f­\f\f©¥¡§ê©©”£•¹¡¡£©¡ìª”™”˜—ž±£¡›¨¨¢ž¡˜—™°Ç¼¢£®•Çš—–”˜½—žœ®˜›Õµ¿™´µœ™Ê—²™°´®˜¯®šµšœž›š¯°µ¬›ž›®šÉ›¯™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂа™—˜™œ®²®È™š¿®°œÉ®¯µ¿›´ž®Ã»—žž›™©¥¡§ê©©”£•¹¡¡£©¡”›š»—žž›™š•íÉœœ¯ž¹ëë¿®›®°Èë¡¥©¡ã©¨ë©¨¡¡©¢¥«©¥¡§©©£¡¡£¡©¡¨¥’†Š‡ƒ\t­\f\f\f\f\f‰\r\f\f\f\f \f¸ \f\f\fß\f\f ”\f\f€\f€•Š\f­\f\f­\f\f©¥¡§ê”¡•¹¡¥ã¡§ìÀ®£§®˜œ™¼¨¥§¢Ÿ•¡”£œ™¯¯ªœ™”˜—•£œš²—–”˜Ñž›šÈ´—žœ®˜œ°›Ã²™šÈµ›˜¯²™šœ›š°µ¬›ž›®šÉ›¯™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂ›š¯™œ›µšœ³›œÉ¯µ²¬›´¿›ž´®šœ›š—›œÂ”´™žµ°µ¯®°œ•Ð°™—˜™œ®²®È™š¿®°œÉ®¯µ¿›´ž®Ã»—žž›™©¥¡§ê”¡•¹¡¥ã¡§”›š»—žž›™š•íÉœœ¯ž¹ëë¿®›®°Èë¡¥©¡ã©¨ë©¨¡¡©¢¥«©¥¡§¥¡¡¥ã¡¡§¨¡°”˜˜—¸Å“”³žœ±£¡Ã›½²™žž›Ã›´™œ›®š™š¿™š™²È®°›œÉ˜›´™¯¯°®™´Éœ®œÉµ°µ´®šžœ°—´œ›®š®Ãõ˜®°™²¿µÃ›´›µš´Â›š°µ¬›ž›®šœ®œ™²É›¯™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂÆÙ®šµÆ®›šœ¼—°ÈŘ©¥¥¨êã«Å¼—¯¯²£¹¡§¨©À”¢•–œ•¨Åº—§ž®•¶Àª¹·Ä”ž·±“—–”˜Îµ²¬›´¿›ž´®šœ›š—›œÂœ°µ™œµ¿³›œÉ´—žœ®˜œ°›Ã²™šÈµ´®˜¯®šµšœ¹™°µ²›™Ê²µ®¯œ›®š½²›šÄ°œÉ®¯»µ²™œ»µž©¥¡©ê£¦¥”©•¹£©ã¨£¿®›¹¡¥¡¥¥¦ëž¡¡¢¢¢¥¡¡©¡©§¡¨¨¤—¾œ—ž¤ª¸§ž®±–®—¨Å¾ž®•±œ•¨º¨œžž®±œ•Å¸»µ¬›ž›®šœ®œ™²É›¯™°œÉ°®¯²™žœÂî°¯µ²¬›´¿›ž´®šœ›š—›œÂÆÙ®šµÆ®›šœ¼—°ÈŘ©¥¥¦ê㢔£•¹ã¨«£¥¨£›œœ·¬”•›“¹•¶§¸šÅžÐɵ´—žœ®˜œ°›Ã²™šÈµ´—¯¹Ê—›²¿›œ™š¿œÉµÂ³›²²´®˜µÙ®šµÆ®›šœÆ©¥¡§ê¢ãÙ”¡\f\n\n\r—‘\fŠ­¹ ­€€\r \f¸ \f\f­ê‚ ƒ€ˆ\f­êƒ€\fˆ\f­ê\t \r€ˆ\f­ê€„€\fˆ\f­—\rŠŠ\f‹­„\f\f€×˜™›²¹É®¬™¶›˜¡¢¢©±˜™›²°—µ™šÅ²ÇŋŲµ¶ž™šÂ™šÄ¬™¶›˜Å˜™›²¹É®¬™¶›˜¡¢¢©±˜™›²°—
×

About the authors

N. V. Zagorodniy

N.N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopaedics

G. A. Chragyan

N.N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopaedics

O. A. Aleksanyan

N.N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopaedics

Email: hovakim1992@mail.ru

S. V. Kagramanov

N.N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopaedics

E. V. Polevoy

N.N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopaedics

References

  1. Мурылев В.Ю. Ревизионная артропластика тазобедренного сустава при асептическом расшатывании эндопротеза: Автореф. дис. ... д-ра мед. наук. М.; 2009.
  2. Гринь А.А., Рунков А.В., Шлыков И.Л. Выбор операционного доступа при лечении двухколонных переломов вертлужной впадины. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2014; (1): 92-7.
  3. Flóris I., Bodzay T., Vendégh Z. et al. Short-term results of total hip replacement due to acetabular fractures. Eklem. Hastalık. Cerrahisi. 2013; 24 (2): 64-71. doi: 10.5606/ehc.2013.16.
  4. Милюков А.Ю., Пронских А.А. Современные подходы к лечению пациентов с повреждениями вертлужной впадины. Политравма. 2006; 1: 38-42.
  5. Moed B.R., Willson S.E. Resalts of operative treatment of fractures of the posterior wall of the acetabulum. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2002; 84-A (5): 752-9.
  6. Laird A., Keating J.F. Acetabular fractures: a 16 year prospective epidemiological study. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 2005; 87 (7): 969-73. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.87B7.16017.
  7. Sullivan P.M., MacKenzie J.R., Callaghan J.J., Johnston R.C. Total hip arthroplasty with cement in patients who are less than fifty years old. A sixteen to twentytwo-year follow-up study. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 1994; 76 (6): 863-9.
  8. Kurtz S., Ong K., Lau E. et al. Projections of primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2007; 89 (4): 780-5. doi: 10.2106/jbjs.f.00222.
  9. Paprosky W.G., Perona P.G., Lawrence J.M. Acetabular defect classification and surgical reconstruction in revision arthroplasty. A 6-year follow-up evaluation. J. Arthroplasty. 1994; 9 (1): 33-44. doi: 10.1007/s11999-0133264-4.
  10. Berry D.J., Paprosky L.D.G., Hanssen A.D., Cabanela M.E. Pelvic discontinuity in revision total hip arthroplasty. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 1999; 81-A: 1692-1702.
  11. Kosashvili Y, Backstein D, Safir O. et al. Acetabular revision using an anti-protrusion (ilio-ischial) cage and trabecular metal acetabular component for severe acetabular bone loss associated with pelvic discontinuity. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 2009; 91 (7): 870-6. doi: 10.1302/0301-620 X.91B7.22181.
  12. Berasi C.C. IV, Berend K.R., Adams J.B. et al. Are custom triflange acetabular components effective for reconstruction of catastrophic bone loss? Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2015; (473): 528-35. doi: 10.1007/s11999-014-3969-z.
  13. Dearborn J.T., Harris W.H. High placement of an acetabular component inserted without cement in a revision total hip arthroplasty. Results after a mean of ten years. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 1999; 81 (4): 469-80.
  14. Whaley A.L., Berry D.J., Harmsen W.S. Extra-large uncemented hemispherical acetabular components for revision total hip arthroplasty. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2001; 83-A (9): 1352-7.
  15. Gross A.E., Saleh K.J., Wong P. Acetabular revision using grafts and cages. Am. J. Orthop. (Belle Mead NJ). 2002; 31 (4): 213-5.
  16. Rosenberg W.J., Schreurs B.W., de Waal Malefijt M.C. et al. Impacted morselized bone grafting and cemented primary total hip arthroplasty for acetabular protrusion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Orthop. Scand. 2000; 71: 143-7. doi: 10.1080/000164700317413102.
  17. Saleh K.J., Jaroszynski G., Woodgate I. et al. Revision total hip arthroplasty with the use of structural acetabular allograft and reconstruction ring: acase series with a 10-year average follow-up. J. Arthroplasty. 2000; 15 (8): 951-8.
  18. Schreurs B.W., Slooff T.J., Buma P. et al. Acetabular reconstruction with impacted morsellised cancellous bone graft and cement. A 10to 15-year follow-up of 60 revision arthroplasties. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 1998; 80-B: 391-5.
  19. Schreurs B.W., van Tieuen T.G., Buma P. et al. Favourable results of acetabular reconstruction with impacted morselized grafts in patients younger than fifty years. Acta Orthop. Scand. 2001; 72: 120-6. doi. org/10.1080/000164701317323354.
  20. Shinar A.A., Harris W.H. Bulk structural autogenous grafts and allografts for reconstruction of the acetabulum in total hip arthroplasty. Sixteen-year-average follow-up. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 1997; 79 (2): 159-168.
  21. Welten M.L.M., Schreurs B.W., Buma P. et al. Acetabular reconstruction with impacted morcellizedcancellousautograft and cemented primary total hip arthroplasty: a 10to 17-year follow-up study. J. Arthroplasty. 2000; 15 (7): 819-24.
  22. Berry D.J., Müller M.E. Revision arthroplasty using an anti-protrusio cage for massive acetabular bone deficiency. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 1992; 74 (5): 711-5.
  23. Gross A.E., Goodman S. The current role of structural grafts and cages in revision arthroplasty of the hip. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2004; (429): 193-200.
  24. Peters C.L., Curtain M., Samuelson K.M. Acetabular revision with the Burch-Schnieder antiprotrusio cage and cancellous allograft bone. J. Arthroplasty. 1995; 10: 307-12.
  25. Siegmeth A., Duncan C.P., Masri B.A. et al. Modular tantalum augments for acetabular defects in revision hip arthroplasty. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2009; 467 (1): 199-205. doi: 10.1007/s11999-008-0549-0.
  26. Li H., Qu X., Mao Y. et al. Custom acetabular cages offer stable fixation and improved Hip Scores for revision THA with severe bone defects. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2015; 474 (3): 731-40. doi: 10.1007/s11999-015-4587-0.
  27. Berasi C.C., Berend K.R., Adams J.B. et al. Are custom triflange acetabular components effective for reconstruction of catastrophic bone loss? Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2014; 473 (2): 528-35. doi: 10.1007/s11999-014-3969-z.
  28. Hogan C., Ries M. Treatment of massive acetabular bone loss and pelvic discontinuity with a custom triflange component and ilio-sacral fixation based on preoperative CT templating. A report of 2 cases. Hip Int. 2015; 25 (6): 585-8. doi: 10.5301/hipint.5000247.
  29. Кавалерский Г.М., Мурылев В.Ю., Рукин Я.А. и др. Применение индивидуальных вертлужных компонентов при ревизионном эндопротезировании тазобедренного сустава. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2016; 22 (4): 114-21. https://doi. org/10.21823/2311-2905-2016-22-4-114-121.
  30. Тихилов Р.М., Шубняков И.И., Коваленко А.Н. и др. Применение индивидуальной трехфланцевой конструкции при ревизионном эндопротезировании с нарушением целостности тазового кольца (клинический случай). Травматология и ортопедия России. 2016; (1): 108-16. https://doi.org/10.21823/2311-2905-20160-1-108-116.
  31. Valle C.J., Paprosky W.G. Classification and an algorithmic approach to the reconstruction of femoral deficiency in revision total hip arthroplasty. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2003; 85-A Suppl 4: 1-6.
  32. Taunton M.J., Fehring T.K., Edwards P. et al. Pelvic discontinuity treated with custom triflange component: a reliable option. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2012; 470 (2): 428-34. doi: 10.1007/s11999-011-2126-1.
  33. DeBoer D.K., Christie M.J., Brinson M.F., Morrison J.C. Revision total hip arthroplasty for pelvic discontinuity. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2007; 89 (4): 835-40.
  34. Goodman G.P., Engh C.A. Jr. The custom triflange cup: build it and they will come. Bone Joint J. 2016; 98-B (1 Suppl A): 68-72. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.98B1. 36354.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML

Copyright (c) 2018 Eco-Vector



СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77-76249 от 19.07.2019.


This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies