Vitamin B₂ and its status in Vegetarians and Vegans

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The main goal of this review was to briefly highlight the key points of today’s knowledge about the role and metabolism of vitamin B₂ as well as to compare its status in vegans, vegetarians, and omnivores according to present data. Biologically active forms of water-soluble vitamin B₂ (riboflavin) are represented by flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine diphosphate (FAD), which are coenzymes in the reactions of the electron transport chain and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Riboflavin is also involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, the synthesis of cholesterol and steroid hormones. Riboflavin also participates in the folate cycle. Vitamin B₂ is crucial for the metabolism of other vitamins. FMN is necessary for the formation of the active form of vitamin B₆, while FAD is necessary for the synthesis of niacin. Severe clinical insufficiency of vitamin B₂ is not common. Besides insufficient riboflavin consumption, hypothyroidism can also be a cause of vitamin B₂ deficiency as thyroxine regulates the conversion of riboflavin to its active forms - FMN and FAD. Lack of riboflavin can cause tissue damage; especially of the epithelial, reproductive, and nervous system. The variety of its manifestations is related to the fact that riboflavin deficiency also disrupts the metabolism of vitamins B₆, or PP. Similarly, riboflavin deficiency can also disrupt the folate cycle, increasing the level of homocysteine which damages vascular intima and leads to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis as a result. Rapid urinary excretion of riboflavin makes it safe even if taken in a high dose, changing the urine colour into bright-yellow. This safety of riboflavin makes it unharmful to be used as an oral tracer for monitoring compliance in clinical research. Ultra-high doses of riboflavin (more than 400 mg/day) can cause diarrhoea or polyuria. The content of vitamin B₂ in animal-derived products is higher than in plant-based ones. This also determines its lower intake in vegans and vegetarians compared to omnivores. While there is a shred of evidence that plant-based diets increase the production of bioavailable riboflavin by the gut microbiota, this does not appear to be sufficient to completely compensate for the vegetarians’/vegans’ reduced dietary intake of vitamin B₂, as most of the researches point the fact that vegans and vegetarians are more prone to lack vitamin B₂ than omnivores. At the same time, it should be noted that there exists no universally adopted optimal method for assessing the status of vitamin B₂ in the body. Further research and standardization of methods may ease to assess the prevalence and risks of riboflavin deficiency in various dietary groups.

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作者简介

R. Ranjit

Рeoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) named after Patrice Lumumba; State Budgetary Healthcare Centre "Oncological Centre number 1 named after S.S. Yudin" of the Healthcare Department of Moscow City; Melodia Vitae, International

Email: rajesh.ranjit@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4255-4197

Oncologist, Research Scientist and Assistant, Medical institute, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine named after Academician V.P. Kharchenko

俄罗斯联邦, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya st, Moscow, 117198; 18A Zagorodnoye highway, Moscow, 117151

A. Galchenko

Melodia Vitae, International

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: gav.jina@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7286-5044
SPIN 代码: 3833-9938

Research Scientist

俄罗斯联邦

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2. Figure 1. Structures of different forms of riboflavin

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3. Figure 2. Some of the physiological roles of vitamin B₂: PDC = Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; DLT = Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase; TPP = Thiamine pyrophosphate; DLD = Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase

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4. Figure 3. Involvement of riboflavin in the metabolism of some other vitamins

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