Approaches to isolating and purifying nucleic acids from blood for genotyping human leukocytic antigen

Donor–recipient histocompatibility results from the presence on cell membranes of the main protein complex of histocompatibility and is a key condition for successful transplantation of cells, tissues, and organs. To determine histocompatibility, human leukocyte antigen is genotyped, and its accuracy relied significantly on the quality and quantity of nucleic acids obtained from the biomaterial. In laboratory practice, the most pure and intact deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids are extracted from the blood; however, the choice of an accessible, effective, time-efficient, and viable method for their production remains challenging. The methods of isolation and purification of nucleic acids from the blood include organic extraction, salting out, and use of spin columns and magnetic particles (“bidids”), and their advantages and disadvantages, efficiency indicators, practicality, and cost were compared. The selection of the peripheral blood as a source of genetic material for genotyping human leukocyte antigen is justified. Experimental data comparing the price–quality ratio of commercial protocols for the extraction of deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids from blood were analyzed. Prospects of modification of procedures for isolation and purification of nucleic acids from biomaterial for sequencing of genes of human leukocyte antigen classes I and II to increase efficiency of high-tech care are evaluated. Generally, the need for affordable and effective protocols for the extraction of deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids from minimal biomaterial volumes stimulates the optimization and modification of existing protocols and the creation of new methods on new physicochemical principles.