The role of professor I.A. Sapov in the development of the department of physiology of diving and rescue affairs of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov

Full Text

Ivan Akimovich Sapov - a prominent scientist in the field of naval medicine, diving physiology and medicine, barotherapy, physiology of naval labor and the habitability of ships of the fleet, was born on July 7, 1921 in a large family of a peasant-fisherman, in the village of Gonchinskaya, Vytegorsky district of the Vologda region, located on the shore of Lake Onega [1].

He went a long, difficult and glorious path from a cadet of the Kronstadt Naval Medical School to Major General of the Medical Service (1976), Doctor of Medical Sciences (1963), Professor (1966), Chief Physiologist of the Navy (1967-1988), Laureate of the State Prize USSR (1972), honorary member of the physiological society named after I.M. Sechenov (1996), Honorary Chairman of the Scientific Society of Barotherapists of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region (1993), Honorary Doctor of the Military Medical Academy (1998), Honorary Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (2001).

From 1967 to 1988 I.A. Sapov was the head of the department of physiology of diving and rescue affairs of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov. The order of appointment to this position was announced to him in the Indian Ocean by the commander of the Equatorial Special Purpose Expedition, in which Sapov I.A. was the head of a scientific medical group. By this time, Ivan Akimovich was already one of the leading specialists in the habitability of ships in the fleet. He had seven years of experience in providing medical support for combat training of seafarers on campaigns, for nine years he planned and conducted scientific research on habitability in the interests of the medical service of the fleet. For 10 years he was engaged in teaching under the guidance of the leading figures of Russian physiology - academicians and corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, professors K.M. Bykova, V.N. Chernigovsky, A.V. Lebedinsky and I.T. Kurtsin at the departments of special and normal physiology of the Naval Medical Academy and the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov.

Educational work on the training of specialists for the medical service of the Navy and their improvement is the main activity of the teaching staff of the departments of a higher educational medical institution. Therefore, constant attention has always been paid to improving the efficiency of the educational process at the department. Under the leadership of I.A. Sapov educational work has become more multidirectional in its purpose, more intensive in volume and more effective in content and results.

Traditionally, training at the department was aimed at training domestic naval doctors, their improvement in the physiology of diving, as well as training specialists in the medical service of the fleets of foreign countries. I.A. Sapov substantiated the need to create new cycles of advanced training in the physiology of naval labor ("Psychophysiology of the Navy"), professional retraining and advanced training in "Physiology of diving and rescue work" and "Oxygen barotherapy". Thanks to his perseverance at the department in 1983, a two-year training of the leadership of the medical service was resumed under the program "Special Physiology of the Navy", and then "Medical support of the forces of the fleet - physiology of diving". In the same years, the department carried out advanced training of civilian specialists in the cycles "Diving physiology and medicine" (doctors of DOSAAF, Metrostroy, Spetstonnelstroy, Morneftegaz and employees of the Institute of Biomedical Problems) and "Oxygen barotherapy" (doctors of medical institutions of the Ministry of Health and specialists of the Central Order Lenin Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians). In addition, the department trained students in related disciplines: the organization and tactics of the medical service of the fleet, naval and radiation hygiene, etc. The implementation of these cycles led to an increase in the annual teaching load from 3-4 thousand to 7-8 thousand teaching hours, which required an increase in the number of the teaching staff of the department. New topics are introduced into curricula and thematic plans on modern models of diving and rescue equipment, on the physiological and therapeutic effects of oxygen at high pressure, as well as a group exercise on the independent rescue of submariners in emergency situations.

From the moment the department was founded, one of the shortcomings in the organization of the educational process was the lack of sufficient educational and methodological literature for independent training of cadets and listeners. To eliminate it, under the editorship and with the direct participation of I.A. in 1972 the textbook "Physiology of diving and rescue business" was published [2]. To the sections of the textbook, published in 1956, material on the physiology of naval labor was added. In 1977, under the editorship of Ivan Akimovich, the "Guide to practical exercises in the physiology of diving" [3] was published, which has not lost its relevance to this day. The second, revised and enlarged edition of the textbook was published in 1986 [4], which reflected changes in the organization and conduct of medical support for diving descents to different depths, search and rescue operations at sea and medical support for ships' trips to combat service.

During this period, under the editorship and with the participation of I.A. Sapov, four monographs are published: The state of body functions and the performance of sailors [5], Medical care in case of drowning and occupational diseases of divers [6], Non-specific mechanisms of human adaptation [7], Physiology and pathology of underwater diving and safety measures on the water [8]), dedicated to topical problems of diving physiology and medicine, physiology of naval labor. Of the eight lectures prepared by the staff of the department for the students of the faculty of the leadership of the medical service of the Armed Forces, two - "Physiological support of cruises of ships of the Navy" (1979) [9] and "Hyperbarotherapy" (1982) [10] were written by I.A. Sapov.

Much attention at the department was paid to the scientific and practical work of cadets and students: special time is allocated for the implementation of reporting scientific and practical work and the preparation of an essay on one of the topics of the course of study. Under the guidance of the teaching staff, cadets and students of the faculty of training doctors for the Navy actively worked in the department circle of the military scientific society, which was repeatedly awarded certificates of honor for prizes in an academic competition. The club "Aquanaut" functioned under the circle of the department, cadets-scuba divers of which regularly went under water on the lakes near Leningrad. In 1975-76, they successfully provided the work of aquanauts during their many-day stay at depths of 15-30 meters under the "Chernomor" program.

Measures to improve the educational process at the department had a positive impact on the quality and effectiveness of professional training of students: 52 officers who graduated from the faculty of command personnel successfully coped with their new functional duties as flagship doctors of ship formations, and then in higher positions - deputy chief of the medical service of the Navy (1), senior physician-physiologist of the Navy (1), head of the fleet medical service (3) and his deputy (4), head of the academy faculty (2), head of the department of the medical institute and the cycle of training centers (4), heads of departments and laboratories Research Institute of the Navy (5). Eight graduates of the faculty became candidates of medical sciences, and two of them defended their doctoral dissertations.

In the 70-80s of the last century, research work at the department under the leadership of I.A. Sapova was carried out in three main areas - hyperbaric physiology and diving medicine, organization and medical support of emergency rescue operations, and labor physiology of naval specialists. In the field of diving physiology, the study of the effect of factors of increased pressure of gas and water media on body functions continued - the cellular composition of white blood and its phagocytic activity, the function of the blood-brain barrier and the blood coagulation system, renal function and hormonal-enzymatic status, metabolic processes and immunobiological resistance. The results of these studies were used in the development of the main provisions of the professional medical selection of divers.

The study of the regularities of saturation and desaturation of body tissues with indifferent gases during breathing with air and artificial gas mixtures continued, which made it possible to rationalize the calculation of the operating modes of decompression and increase their safety. The pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of decompression sickness and its prenosological diagnosis were studied by determining gas bubbles in the bloodstream using ultrasound location, impedance measurement and contact biomicroscopy [11]. New modes of therapeutic recompression for decompression sickness and pulmonary barotrauma have been developed, which, after testing their effectiveness at the department and fleets, were introduced into the practice of medical support for diving descents [12]. The same regimens have proved to be effective in the treatment of surgical and traumatic gas embolism.

Studies were carried out to determine the possibility of prevention and treatment of the toxic effects of high partial pressures of oxygen using pharmacological drugs [13]. The separation of the specific pathology of divers of the barohypertensive syndrome into an independent type has been substantiated (Nazarkin V.Ya., 1979; PVS VMF - 1985) [12, 14]. The reasons and mechanisms of its development, clinical forms, measures of prevention and treatment have been determined.

At the end of the sixties of the twentieth century, the command of the Navy set before the medical service of the fleet the task of preserving the health and combat effectiveness of naval specialists, and first of all submariners, while carrying out combat service in various regions of the World Ocean. This work was carried out under the guidance of the Chief Physiologist of the Navy for 15 years. Its implementation was attended by the faculty of the department, employees of the Research Institute of the Navy, specialists from diving laboratories and naval doctors. Scientific research was carried out in the following areas: the impact of long trips on the health and body functions of ship specialists, determination of the dynamics of the working capacity of the ship crew during combat service at sea and the substantiation of measures to preserve the health and military professional working capacity of ship crews in sailing.

Based on the study of the features of the professional activity of the ship crew during the cruises, the regularities of the adaptation of ship specialists to the sailing conditions were established, the duration of the adaptation stages was determined, and measures were proposed to accelerate the development of adequate adaptive reactions.

The dynamics of the working capacity of the seafarers in the cruises was investigated using its direct and indirect indicators. The stages of working capacity and their approximate duration have been determined. Methodological approaches to qualitative and quantitative methods for assessing changes in the working capacity of ship specialists in navigation are proposed, criteria for assessing the degree of developing fatigue are substantiated. The principles of organizing medical control over the dynamics of the working capacity of ship crews on missions to combat service have been developed [15].

A set of measures has been substantiated to preserve, improve and restore the professional working capacity of naval specialists at various stages of combat service and in various sailing conditions. The staff of the department made a significant contribution to the development and verification of the effectiveness of such measures as preventive rest, rational mode of work and rest of submariners in the campaign, dosed physical activity at different stages of swimming and forms of its implementation, hyperbaric oxygenation, exposure to the central nervous system by pulsed electric current of low and high frequency , pharmacological correction. These measures were put into practice by the guiding documents: "Methodological recommendations for the psychopharmacological correction of the states of combat effectiveness of the personnel of the USSR Armed Forces" (1987), "Guidelines for the pharmacological correction of the combat effectiveness (efficiency) of the personnel of the USSR Armed Forces" (1989). I.A. Sapov proposed to single out the complex of these measures in a special form of medical support for cruises of ships of the Navy - physiological measures, along with sanitary and hygienic and anti-epidemic measures. However, this proposal did not receive adequate support from the medical service and the command of the Navy, and only now the implementation of these measures is regulated by the governing documents as an integral part of the psychophysiological correction of the functional state of the body of military personnel and their medical and psychological rehabilitation (Order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of January 27, 2017 No. 60) [16].

In the early seventies I.A. Sapov substantiated the need for a new direction in the scientific work of the department - the physiological foundations of the therapeutic use of oxygen under high pressure. On the basis of joint research with specialists from clinical departments, the main therapeutic effects of oxygenobarotherapy were identified - antihypoxic, energetic, microcirculatory, immunoreactive, regenerative, detoxifying, bactericidal, bacteriostatic, etc. Indications and contraindications for its appointment were determined. The treatment of inpatients from the clinics of the Academy made it possible to identify those types of pathology for which oxygen barotherapy is the method of choice, and for which it can significantly increase the effectiveness of traditional therapeutic measures. The priority of the Academy employees in the use of MBT in the treatment of obliterating endarteritis, multiple sclerosis, neurocirculatory dystonia with foci of chronic infection, myopic disease has been proved. Approaches to the choice of the optimal values ​​of the partial pressure of oxygen, the duration of sessions and their number per course of treatment were substantiated, depending on the type of pathology. The results of these studies were used in the preparation of guidelines for the use of MBT on ships of the fleet with the defeat of personnel by carbon monoxide in fires (Orders of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy of August 06, 1975 No. 224 and of July 15, 2015 No. 704) [17, 18].

During the therapeutic use of oxygen under increased pressure in patients, its beneficial effect on military professional performance was revealed. This served as the basis for isolating this action on healthy people in an independent direction - hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO). In studies on swimmers, weightlifters, water polo players, middle distance runners, wrestlers, etc., the optimal values ​​of the partial pressure of oxygen and the duration of the course exposure were determined to correct physical performance at different stages of the training process and during competitions [19]. On the eve of the Olympic Games in Moscow I.A. Sapov and the staff of the department prepared and published "Methodological recommendations for improving and restoring the performance of athletes" (1980).

One of the traditional directions of the department's scientific work is the study of the physiological foundations of rescuing personnel from damaged submarines. Without knowledge of the changes occurring in the body under conditions of hyperbaric exposure and the reasons for the development of specific diseases of divers, it is impossible to answer the question - what is the health status of ship specialists and their functional capabilities to carry out rescue on their own or with the help of the forces and means of the search and rescue service, by dry or wet method. ... Therefore, all dissertations on various problems of hyperbaric physiology and diving medicine, carried out in the period from 1967 to 1988, were studies devoted to the physiological foundations of rescuing the personnel of damaged ships. The extreme conditions of life of the crew in emergency compartments undoubtedly affect the regularities of saturation and desaturation of body tissues with indifferent gases. Without knowledge of these features of saturation and desaturation, it is impossible to calculate safe decompression regimes for rescuing the personnel of damaged submarines. The materials of these studies were used as the basis for the methodology for medical assessment of the situation in the compartments of an damaged submarine (1967), which was constantly improved as experience gained in medical support for rescuing personnel of sunken submarines: 1981 - Golden Horn Bay, Vladivostok; 1983 - Avachinsky Bay, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Based on the personal experience of I.A. Sapov to provide qualified medical care to rescued submariners with the development of specific diving pathology, the department conducted special studies on the effect of prolonged stay under high air pressure on the development of the toxic effect of oxygen and decompression sickness. Pharmaceuticals were proposed that weaken the toxic effect of air under high pressure. The necessity of adjusting the decompression regimes for submariners during free ascent and exiting along the buoype was revealed, as well as in justifying measures to optimize the conditions for long-term stay of submariners in emergency and adjacent compartments. These recommendations were implemented in the handbook on medical support for the personnel of an emergency submarine and the rules for leaving it (1986).

It should be noted that during the years of leadership of the Department of Physiology of Diving Sapov I.A. 87 topics of research work were carried out, the results of which were used in the preparation of 56 guidance documents. Employees and external applicants of the department successfully defended 58 dissertations, including 10 doctoral dissertations. Applications have been filed and patents have been received for 27 inventions.

One of the important directions in the activities of the faculty of the department was the provision of qualified medical assistance to naval and civilian specialists in the development of specific diving pathology when performing work under water. As a rule, this assistance was rendered sporadically during the duty of the department's pressure chambers at the Leningrad Naval Base. In 1970, the department signed an agreement with Metrostroy and Spetstonnelstroy to provide medical assistance to workers in these organizations, who, for various reasons, often developed decompression sickness after working underground under high pressure. The staff of the department has gained unique experience in the treatment of 235 cases of decompression sickness. At the same time, the issues of organizing its provision with city medical institutions were worked out, and the use of new modes of therapeutic recompression developed at the department was tested, which were subsequently introduced into the practice of medical support for underwater work in the fleet [12]. In addition, the new regimens have shown high efficiency in the treatment of patients with aeroembolism after heart surgery with artificial circulation (joint research with the Department and Clinic of Cardiovascular Surgery).

The second direction of the provision of qualified medical care is based on the therapeutic use of high pO2. In the second half of the last century, the beneficial therapeutic effect of oxygen barotherapy was established for ischemic disease and myocardial infarction (1954), for poisoning with methemoglobin-forming agents (1958), for strokes and post-traumatic encephalopathies (1962-1966). In the early 70s I.A. Sapov substantiated a new scientific direction of the department and in the research it was found that the therapeutic effect of oxygen under high pressure is due not only to its antihypoxic effect, but also to the restoration of microcirculatory disorders, activation of the body's immune-protective forces and metabolic processes. Since 1973, oxygen barotherapy has been systematically applied at the department for the treatment of inpatients and outpatients from the departments of naval therapy and surgery, maxillofacial surgery and traumatology, nervous and ENT diseases. Since 1979, the department has a non-standard oxygen barotherapy department, which is equipped with two PDK-2 therapeutic pressure chambers, equipped with autonomous oxygen supply systems for patients, which made it possible to increase the number of daily therapeutic sessions by 2-2.5 times. The specialists of the department systematically provided methodological assistance to the civil health care of Leningrad when opening MBT departments at multidisciplinary hospitals and when creating a city center for oxygen barotherapy.

The third direction of the department's therapeutic activity was associated with the therapeutic effect of high-frequency pulsed electric current (HIET) on the central nervous system. Under the methodological guidance of I.A. studies were carried out to substantiate the use of transcranial VIET for correcting the functional state of the body, working capacity and reserve capabilities of athletes (1981) and ship specialists (1983). In addition, it was found that, depending on the parameters of HIET on the central nervous system (frequency and duration of impulses, current strength), analgesic, tranquilization and vegetative protective effects develop. Joint work with specialists from the departments of naval and hospital therapy, naval surgery, nervous diseases and ENT diseases made it possible to determine the list of diseases in which exposure to high-frequency pulsed electric current using LENAR and BILENAR devices increases the effectiveness of traditional methods of treatment, reduces the duration hospital stay, reduces labor loss and consumption of medicines. The priority of these scientific developments is protected by four patents.

Improving the educational process, increasing the volume of scientific and medical work would have been impossible without a significant improvement in the material and technical equipment of the department, to which Ivan Akimovich paid constant attention. The department additionally installs pressure chambers PDK-2, an electric compressor, filters for high pressure air purification. To meet the increased needs of the department in high-pressure air, additional cylinders are placed in a special annex to the department building. For MBT sessions, the pressure chambers are equipped with oxygen breathing systems in a semi-closed cycle. The growing demand for medical oxygen is ensured by its constant supply from the gas tanks of the oxygen station using a specially built gas pipeline.

To ensure the educational process, the department is equipped with modern models of diving (SVU-3, SVG-200 and SVG-300) and rescue equipment (SSP, PDU-1, IP-6). In order to develop skills in medical control over the quality of artificial breathing gas mixtures, the department receives a sufficient number of volumetric gas analyzers (Holden, GHP-100), as well as gas analyzers for oxygen, carbon dioxide, and harmful gaseous impurities. Various projection equipment is widely used during lectures and practical exercises. The preparation of the demonstration material is carried out using photographic equipment and film cameras.

To ensure scientific research, modern medical equipment is used: an electrocardiograph, a spirolyte, a physiograph, an analyzer of enzymatic activity, a photooscilograph, a television capillaroscope, a bicycle ergometer, a treadmill, and a device for recording sensorimotor responses. Employees of the department take part in testing new samples of devices for ultrasonic location of gas bubbles in the bloodstream, an apparatus for breathing oxygen in ship conditions, devices for electrical impulse low-frequency and high-frequency impact on the central nervous system (electrosleep and "LENAR"), as well as the automated ship system "Radon".

The successful implementation of a large amount of educational work, scientific research on topical problems of hyperbaric physiology and diving medicine, as well as the physiology of naval labor, the provision of medical care for specific pathologies of divers and psychosomatic patients from different clinics of the Academy were only within the power of a close-knit team of like-minded specialists with a high level of professional training, conscientiously regarding the performance of their functional duties. The formation of such a teaching staff I.A. Sapov paid constant attention. This collective has always been "a fusion of experience and youth", the foundation of which was S.А. Artemiev, A.P. Myasnikov, V.K. Abrosimov, I.S. Karev - teachers who took part in the formation and formation of the department, with experience in scientific and pedagogical activities for more than 20 years. Next generation teachers - N.P. Marchenko, I.P. Yunkin, V. Ya. Nazarkin, A.S. Solodkov - had experience in scientific and pedagogical work for 15-20 years. G.L. Apanasenko, Yu.M. Bobrov, V.S. Shchegolev, A.P. Lotovin, L.K. Volkov, V.I. Kuleshov, and the young teachers were A.I. Lupanov, V.A. Bukharin, V.S. Novikov, G.V. Golovyashkin and I.V. Levshin. From 1968 to 1988, 12 naval doctors were appointed to teaching positions, of which nine officers completed their postgraduate studies, having successfully defended their dissertations. Based on my own experience of teaching under the guidance of professors K.M. Bykova, V.N. Chernigovsky, A.V. Lebedinsky and I.T. Kurtsin, a lot of time and effort by I.A. Sapov devoted himself to the formation of their pedagogical skills. The peculiarities of his training system consisted in the observance of several rules. First, the gradual mastering of various forms of conducting classes and the consistent mastering of the discipline material, starting with the faculty of training naval doctors and ending with the faculty of training the leadership of the medical service. Secondly, compulsory attendance of classes on the proposed topics and discipline cycles, conducted by experienced teachers of the department. Preparing and conducting trial sessions by young teachers. Thirdly, involvement in the development of educational and methodological documents up to the preparation of thematic plans and curricula. And the last, final stage of the training of a young teacher was in the performance of the duties of the head of the educational part of the department for at least three years.

For the successes achieved in the educational process, scientific and medical work, the staff of the department was repeatedly encouraged by the command for prizes in the competition of academic divisions. So, in the 1978-1979 academic year, the department was awarded the title "The collective of communist labor", and the next year - the department was declared "The best theoretical department of the Academy." I.A. During the period of his work at the department, Sapov was awarded the orders "For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR" 3rd degree and "October Revolution". During the years of leadership of the department Sapov I.A. constantly engaged in social and scientific activities, which were closely related to his official duties and scientific interests. As the Chief Physiologist of the Navy, he provided scientific and methodological guidance for the substantiation of the system of physiological measures aimed at preserving, increasing and restoring the professional working capacity of the seafarers in the campaigns for combat service. The results of research carried out by the staff of the department, specialists from scientific organizations of the fleet and naval doctors were annually summarized and reported to the Chief Commander of the Navy. Their analysis served as the basis for the preparation of guidelines for the implementation of these measures in the practice of medical support for combat service at sea, as well as for planning further research on this problem. The result of this long-term work was the publication, edited by I.A. Sapov's guidelines for maintaining the working capacity of the Navy's amphibious personnel (1990).

Acting as chairman of the problem commission of the medical service of the Navy for medical support of ship trips (1968-1988) I.A. Sapov, together with leading specialists of the academy's specialized departments for the Navy, planned and monitored the implementation of scientific research aimed at improving the provision of qualified medical assistance to diving personnel and seafarers both under normal conditions and during search and rescue operations. An important result of this work was the introduction into the practice of medical support for work under water, developed at the department of therapeutic recompression regimes for the treatment of acute decompression sickness and pulmonary barotrauma (PVS VMF-85), and for medical support of seafarers - the "Handbook of a ship's doctor".

An important place in the activities of I.A. he took part in the work of the expert commission of the USSR Higher Attestation Commission on military medical specialties (1976-1984), as well as in the dissertation councils of the V.I. CM. Kirov and the First Central Research Institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense. In addition, I.A. Sapov was a member of the editorial boards of the Physiological journal. THEM. Sechenov and the Military Medical Journal. As a member of the naval section of the Scientific Medical Council of the Warsaw Pact countries, he took part in the discussion of topical problems of hyperbaric physiology and diving medicine, medical support for search and rescue operations at sea and the physiology of naval labor at symposia in Sevastopol, Gdynia, Varna, Leningrad, Odessa. A large amount of work by I.A. Sapov performed on assignments of the Academy of Sciences and the Council of Ministers of the USSR. For more than 20 years, he took an active part in the planning and coordination of scientific research in the country on topical problems of hyperbaric physiology and diving medicine (Deputy Chairman of the Standing Committee of the USSR Academy of Sciences on Underwater Physiology and Medicine), development and use of the World Ocean (member of the Scientific Council at the State Committee for Science and Technology of the SM USSR), human adaptation to Antarctica (member of the section of the Scientific Council "Human Physiology" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR). He regularly presented reports at the All-Union congresses of the “Society of Physiologists named after V.I. I.P. Pavlova ”, in which he summarized the results of the research of the department staff.

After his dismissal from the Armed Forces, I. A. Sapov continued to work at the Military Medical Academy in various positions. He is the author and co-author of 525 scientific works, of which more than 30 are textbooks, monographs, manuals, lectures, reference books, teaching aids and recommendations, as well as 13 inventions. Under his leadership, 65 candidate and 15 doctoral dissertations were defended [20]. Ivan Akimovich Sapov, recognized in our country and abroad, is the largest specialist in naval medicine. He is the creator of a kind of scientific school that made a significant contribution to the theory and practice of hyperbaric physiology and diving medicine, barotherapy and physiologists of naval labor. His students headed the departments of the Military Medical Academy. CM. Kirov: professors Medvedev L.G., Kuleshov V.I., Polozhentsev S.D., Novikov V.S .; First St. Petersburg Medical University. I.P. Pavlova: professor Vinnichuk N.N., associate professor Zaitsev G.I .; St. Petersburg State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health named after V.I. P.F. Lesgaft: Professors Solodkov A.S. and Levshin I.V .; St. Petersburg Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education - Professor L.K. Volkov; Kiev Medical University. A.A. Bogomolets: Professor Mashkovsky V.G. and Apanasenko G.L .. Professor Novikov V.S. was the deputy head of the V.I. CM. Kirov for educational and scientific work, professor Apanasenko G.L. - Deputy Head of the Ukrainian Military Medical Academy, and Professor Dovgush V.V. - Director of the Research Institute of Industrial and Marine Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

Taking into account the great contribution to naval medicine, the members of the Academic Council of the Military Medical Academy. CM. Kirov on October 26, 1998 unanimously elected Professor Ivan Akimovich Sapov Honorary Doctor of the Russian Military Medical Academy. The solemn ceremony of presenting the diploma, commemorative medal and mantle of the Honorary Doctor took place on December 18, 1998, on the day of the 200th anniversary of the formation of the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy. The name of Ivan Akimovich Sapov was forever inscribed in the galaxy of doctors who made a significant contribution to the development of military and naval medicine.

About the authors

Dmitry P. Zverev

Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Email: z.d.p@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3333-6769
SPIN-code: 7570-9568

candidate of medical sciences, associate professor

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Yuri M. Bobrov

Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Email: z.d.p@mail.ru

candidate of medical sciences, associate professor

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Alexey A. Myasnikov

Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Email: a_mjasnikov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7427-0885
SPIN-code: 2590-0429

doctor of medical sciences, professor

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Andrey A. Andrusenko

Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Email: an.a.an@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7393-6000
SPIN-code: 6772-4452

candidate of medical sciences

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Arseny Yu. Shitov

Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Author for correspondence.
Email: arseniyshitov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5716-0932
SPIN-code: 7390-1240
ResearcherId: О-3730-2017

candidate of medical sciences

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

References

Supplementary files