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Том 17, № 1 (2021)
- Жылы: 2021
- Мақалалар: 10
- URL: https://journals.eco-vector.com/2500-0640/issue/view/8603
Articles
THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF MINERAL COMPOSITION OF THE CARBONACEOUS SHALE IN THE RYLSKAYA STRUCTURE (VORONEZH CRYSTALLINE MASSIF) AS AN INDICATOR OF ROCK GENESIS
Аннотация
The subject of research in this study is the carbonaceous shale exposed by the drill-holes within the Rylskaya rift structure of the Kursk block of the Voronezh crystalline massif. The analysis of the examined rock revealed a complex of rock-forming and accessory minerals, i.e. apatite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, rutile, garnets, zircon, staurolite, olivine, barite, moissanite, synchisite, bastnesite, which was for the first time described using the modern research methods. Therewith, moissanite, synchisite, and bastnesite were discovered in the shale of the Rylskaya structure for the first time. Several varieties of rutile, garnets, staurolites and zircons were for the first time identified by their physical characteristics and chemical composition. Fine-grained phlogopite and terrigenous K-feldspar were found in the main shale tissue. The discovered features of the shale’s mineral composition allow to define some of the aspects of the protolith nature and the sedimentation conditions of the studied rock. The wide range of accessory minerals, especially allogenic, that are characteristic of rocks of both acidic and basic-ultrabasic composition, as well as the presence of potassium feldspars in the rock tissue alongside with quartz, indicate the presence of rocks of various petrographic compositions with a low degree of weathering in the erosion areas.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(1):3-12
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ANALYSIS OF INTRACENTURY ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY IN THE SEA OF AZOV AND LOWER DON REGIONS: THE CAUSE OF LOW WATER PERIOD
Аннотация
Changes of climate and water content in the Sea of Azov and Lower Don Regions confirm the known regularities of the cyclical nature of these transformations, based on the noted instrumental observations at environmental condition after the beginning of the 18 century, and supported by more ancient historical sources. The comprehensive studies of bottom sediment columns and cores from the upper horizons of coastal spits carried out by the Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Rostov-on-Don, Russia) make it possible to reconstruct hydrodynamic and climatic transformations in the Sea of Azov Region in great detail during the late Holocene. The intercentury changes of climate and water content in the Sea of Azov Region were revealed according to hydrometeorological data (1884–2020), which are subdivided into three periods: cold (high-water; 1884–1942), transitional (1942–1985) and warm (low-water; 1986–2020). Lack of flood drainage and low water levels have recently led to the siltation of numerous channels and branches of the Don delta. After the regulation of the river flow (starting from 1952), the rate of sedimentation in some channels of the delta and avandelta reached 10–30 mm/year, which is significantly higher compared to the rate of accumulation of New-Azovian deposits on the shelf of the Sea of Azov (0.2 to 2.0 mm/year). An analysis of the observed patterns suggests the occurrence of the next transitional stage with abrupt interannual temperature fluctuations with alternating warm and severe winters in the next two decades.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(1):13-23
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VARIABILITY OF HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAL AND WEST MANYCH RIVERS UNDER CONDITIONS OF MODERN ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT AND CLIMATIC CHANGES (WITHIN ROSTOV REGION)
Аннотация
The temporal variability of the hydrochemical characteristics of the Sal and West Manych rivers is considered. Attention is paid to the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the formation and transformation of the chemical composition of river waters. The materials of the study were the primary data of the state observation network of Rosgidromet (from the mode-reference data bank of the Hydrochemical Institute), and the results of previously published studies. The aim of the study was to analyze the transformation of the chemical composition and water quality of the Sal and West Manych rivers, taking into account the modern anthropogenic impact and climatic changes. During the study, a comparative analysis of two long-term periods (2001–2007 and 2011–2017) and a detailed survey of changes in the average annual concentrations of polluting components for 2010–2017 were carried out. For the Sal River, the most significant upward changes of concentrations in the chemical composition of water occurred in the content of iron compounds, sulfates, oil products and ammonium nitrogen. In the transformation of the chemical composition of water for the West Manych River, the largest increase occurred in the content of organic matter, ammonia nitrogen and oil products. In the period from 2010 to 2017, two general trends are most clearly observed: an increase in the content of iron compounds and a decrease in the concentration of copper in water. Multidirectional trends are observed for magnesium ions. The main reasons for the variability of the chemical composition of river waters are considered: the changes in water content and the influence of groundwater. It was revealed that during the study period the water quality in the Sal and West Manych rivers had not improved. The quality class remained at the level of class 4 (the degree of contamination is “dirty”). The category of critical indicators of water pollution for both rivers annually included sulfate ions, for which the highest frequency of exceeding the maximum permissible concentration with 100 % repeatability is noted. The research results can be used in planning environmental protection measures, as well as in improving the existing nature management.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(1):24-36
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FACTORS OF FLOOD HAZARD OF RIVERS OF THE NORTH-WEST CAUCASUS
Аннотация
The paper is devoted to assessing the flood hazard of river catchments in the North-West Caucasus based on the distribution of water-regulating properties in the catchments of the main river systems. The distribution of vegetation and soil cover in the study area is considered and their water-regulating properties are evaluated. Heterogeneity of soils and vegetation leads to significant variability in the space of drainage and water-retaining properties of catchments. In the conditions of sufficiently well-studied soils of the North-West Caucasus, their granulometric composition and drainage properties, and as a result, the hydrological role in general, it is necessary to conduct additional research on the influence of forests on the conversion of precipitation into runoff. The article describes the influence of morphometric characteristics of watersheds on the formation of flood runoff. Generalizations of the influence of flood-forming properties of catchments are made, and a method for comparing the flood hazard of catchments with each other is proposed based on spatial analysis in a geoinformation system. Based on the estimates of run-off rates and the analysis of digital terrain models, histograms of the distribution of areas in the catchment area by the time of run-off from them to the closing gate were calculated, and hydrographs for the closing gates of the selected catchments were calculated on the basis of histograms. As a result of the research, it was found that all the studied catchments are divided into catchments with one peak of expenditure and several ones. In this case the single peak of the watershed, tend to have a smaller area, and consequently a more simple structure. They have a direct relationship between the area and the maximum flow rate, as well as the area and time between the maximum precipitation and expenditure. The time dependence between maximum precipitation and maximum expenditure is weakly expressed in both single-peak and multi-peak catchments, and even the reverse relationship is observed in multi-peak catchments of the southern macro-slope.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(1):37-51
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INFLUENCE OF LONG-TERM DYNAMICS OF ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION ON THE GENESIS OF STEPPE AND DRY-STEPPE SOILS OF ROSTOV REGION
Аннотация
Taking into account the soil and agroclimatic zoning, comparative characteristics of the distribution by depth of soil soaking in the Rostov Region by atmospheric precipitation and their influence on the depth of occurrence of carbonate new formations were studied. The objects of the study were all zonal soil types widespread in the Rostov Region: ordinary carbonate chernozems, southern chernozems, dark chestnut, chestnut and light chestnut soils. The analysis of the frequency of occurrence of the most common soaking depth was carried out within various zoning objects: agroclimatic regions, climatic subregions, and soil regions. Open sources of information were used to determine the average long-term soaking depth of the profile of the studied soils and to calculate the frequency of occurrence of the most common wetting depth over a 33-year period. Interpolation of soaking depths was carried out using the method of inverse distance weighting using the ArcMap 10.4.1 software. It was revealed that the hydrothermal conditions of soil formation determine the average long-term soaking depth, which decreases from the west to the east within the Rostov Region, correlating with the depths of the appearance of micellar forms of carbonates and the formation of the white-eye horizon. This indicator testifies to clear geographical patterns: the greatest depth of soaking is characteristic of the soils of the south-western part of the Rostov Region and belongs to the seaside regions of the Northern Azov Sea. The soils of the eastern territories of the region are characterized by a less soaking depth, and the further south they are formed, the lower is the indicator. The distribution of soaking depths, taking into account the soil zoning, gives a more detailed picture, which makes it possible to track the dynamics of carbonate migration processes depending on the moisture availability and soil conditions.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(1):52-62
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EXPERIENCE OF LANDSCAPE AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL ZONING OF SOILS IN AZERBAIJAN ON THE POTENTIAL OF SELF-PURIFICATION FROM POLLUTANTS
Аннотация
The potential of self-purification and the resistance of soils and the main cadastral areas of Azerbaijan on the example of pollution with substances of organic nature-petroleum hydrocarbons, using the proposed formula of the soil-bioecological index, were evaluated using the methods of systematic conjugate analysis of abiogenic and biogenic factors. The regularity of increasing the intensity of decomposition of pollutants when moving from the East to the West on the territory of the country is shown. In the opposite direction, the potential risk of accumulation of pollutants in soils is increasing due to a decrease in soil resistance to pollution. The soil resistance to pollution in cadastral areas is not the same in comparison. Guba-Khachmaz, Lankaran-Astara, Kalbajar-Gubadli, etc. cadastral areas in general are characterized by a relatively high current stability and self-cleaning ability compared to the Absheron region and the territory of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The potential for self-cleaning of the territory of Azerbaijan as a whole is quite high – about 87 % of its territory is sufficiently resistant to pollution. The proposed approach makes it possible to develop zoning maps of the territory of Azerbaijan based on the nature of potential changes in natural landscapes when they are polluted and timely plan the measures for their restoration. The positive correlation between the assessment scores and soil microbiological indicators shows that ecological scales can be used for preliminary zoning of Azerbaijan landscapes, including the soil cover, according to their self-cleaning potential. As a first approximation, the cartogram of soil bonitet in Azerbaijan can be used to develop cartograms of soil stability indicators in relation to pollutants of various nature.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(1):63-73
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MONITORING OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AS A MECHANISM FOR ENSURING SAFETY FOR THE POPULATION
Аннотация
The health of the population of modern cities is the main factor of safety and sustainable development of the territory. This factor is affected by many conditions. At the same time, according to the World Health Organization, every year the role of social and environmental conditions in the formation of morbidity in different classes of diseases increases. The aim of the research is to assess the social and environmental conditions of Russian cities (in the context of Russian regions) and their specific contribution to the formation of morbidity of children and adults in various classes of diseases. The representative array of social and environmental data, as well as indicators of morbidity in children and adults for various classes of diseases is collected in the state system of social and hygienic monitoring. The results obtained in the course of long-term monitoring studies are summarized in the GIS environment “Environmental and socio-economic conditions of Russian cities”. Data analysis of the Federal information Fund of social-hygienic monitoring “Federal center of hygiene and epidemiology” of Rospotrebnadzor has allowed to establish that in some cities there is a significant excess of maximum permissible average daily concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene, nitrogen dioxide, dust, formaldehyde and other anthropogenic pollutants. Analysis of the specific weight of samples exceeding the hygienic standards of drinking water of the centralized drinking water supply system over the past 5 years showed that in most Russian cities this indicator is normal. At the same time, in a number of regions there are significant exceedances of MPC of iron, trichloroethylene, manganese, boron and other pollutants. The analysis of the most important social conditions showed a significant differentiation of the territory of the Russian Federation according to the factors that determine security for the population. The conducted correlation analysis showed the presence of medium and strong dependencies between socio-ecological factors and the incidence of the population for various classes of diseases.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(1):74-83
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DYNAMICS OF THE COMMERCIAL ICHTHYOFAUNA COMPOSITION IN WATER BODIES OF THE EASTERN PART OF THE SEA OF AZOV REGION DURING THE HOLOCENE
Аннотация
The bone remains of fishes from a number of archaeological sites of different ages in the lower course of the Don River, Kuban River, Taman and Kerch peninsulas have been studied. The obtained data are considered in conjunction with the results of other researchers and the context of the dynamics of ichthyofauna and fishery during the Holocene epoch. The investigation confirms the conclusion that during this historical period the ichthyofauna remained unchanged at the species composition. The trend of changes in the fisheries strategy from the Neolithic epoch to the present is traced. The major part of protein food during the Neolithic was fish. With the development of animal husbandry, fishing was pushed to the sidelines, which, in general, persists to the present time. The main tendency noted is an increase of the percent of large fishes (in particular sturgeons and wels) in the settlements of the Bronze and Iron Ages. This is probably due to the improvement of fishery techniques and tools. A significant number of archaeological sites in the early Iron Age makes it possible to distinguish three archaeoichthyological provinces, differing in preferred commercial species: the Kerch Strait region, the Eastern part of the Sea of Azov region and Ciscaucasia, as well as the Don Delta. Only at the beginning of the 20th century, due to a significant increase of the human population and the subsequent construction of hydraulic facilities chain on the rivers, some species, particularly sturgeons, became rare and significantly reduced their area.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(1):84-96
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THE ANALYSIS OF THE EPIZOOTIC SITUATION IN THE DON RIVER DELTA AND THE EASTERN PART OF THE TAGANROG BAY UNDER PRESENT CONDITIONS
Аннотация
Information on parasite infestation of herring Alosa immaculate, roach Rutilus rutilus, pike perch Sander lucioperca, carp Cyprinus carpio, silver carp Carassius gibelio, bream Abramis brama, Syrmangoby Ponticola syrman, sand-goby Neogobius fluviatilis, round-goby N. melanostomum is generalized on the basis of own and literature data. The spectrum of fish parasitic organisms in the delta of the Don River and the eastern part of the Taganrog Bay included representatives of 9 classes: 1 species each in Myxrosporea, Peritricha, Bivalvia, 3 species each in Myxosporidia and Cestoda, Monogenea – 10 species, Trematoda – 6 species, Nematoda – 4 species, and Crustacea – 5 species. In total, among representatives of the Azov ichthyofauna, 33 species taxa of parasites were found including unidentified ones, with freshwater forms dominating (81 %). The qualitative composition of the parasites of the examined fish was characterized by low species diversity, quantitative indicators – by wide variability. Potentially pathogenic species for fish health have been identified (Myxobolus sandrae, Dactylogyrus extensus, D. vastator, Diplozoon paradoxum, Gyrodactylus sprostonae, Ancyrocephalus paradoxus, Caryophyllaeus laticeps, Khawia sinensis, Diplostomum spathaceum, Unionidae gen. sp., Achtheres percarum). The analysis of the epizootological situation in the Don River delta and the eastern part of the Taganrog Bay was given, and the parasites that cause diseases of fish (Ligula intestinalis, Digramma interrupta), animals and humans (Apophallus donicus, Cryptocotyle concava, C. lingua, Hysterothylacium aduncum, Eustrongylides excisus) were identified.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(1):97-108
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70-YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF A.B. POLONSKY
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(1):109-110
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