Economic Problems and Legal Practice

The purpose of the research. The article examines various models of state-religious relations legal regulation in Russia from the 9th century to the present day. The Church played an important role in the political life of the country, and the state supported and protected the church. In the XVIII century, secularization took place, and the state gradually moved away from the symphony model. In the 19th century, the Russian Orthodox Church gained a privileged position in the Russian Empire, but remained under state control. In the 20th century, the Soviet government came to power, which proclaimed secularism and separated the church from the state. The Church was persecuted and its influence on society was significantly reduced. After the collapse of the USSR, relations between the state and the church gradually improved. In 1997, a law was passed that ensured freedom of religion and equality of all religions before the law. Results. The author discovers that throughout the history of Russia, these relations have been diverse and subject to change depending on political, social and cultural factors. In the period from the IX to the XVII century in Russia there was a model of a symphony of power and religion, where the state and the church were closely connected, but maintained a certain independence. Currently, the relationship between the state and the church is of a partnership nature, but the Russian Orthodox Church continues to have a significant impact on the political life of the country.

Digital literacy under conditions of global transformation of the economy and society has become the most important factor for socio-economic growth. The development of technology has fundamentally changed the speed of information exchange, which has led to profound changes in social relations. The labor market conditions have undergone qualitative changes. Digital skills and competencies have come to the fore. In this context, digital literacy becomes a key factor in personal development. Currently, the research into the results of government measures aimed at increasing digital literacy, both in the field of law and in the socio-economic sphere, increased in relevance. This article is about the methods for analyzing the fundamental results of public policy. The regulatory documents of India (Right to Digital Literacy Bill, December 2022), Indonesia (National Digital Literacy Program, 2021) and Singapore (Digital Readiness Blueprint, 2018). The study results allow to identify the role of government measures in the field of law, the leading factors in the population digital literacy evolution processes, as well as the country-specific characteristics of these processes.

The article considers the problems of a legal nature that take place during the conduct of procurement activities, which consist in the essence of the legal relations arising in the field of procurement: whether the relations in the field of procurement are public-legal relations or are private-legal. Various points of view of researchers involved in this field are presented to confirm or refute certain relationships in the procurement process. The author's analysis of legal relations in the field of procurement is made, using various research methods. Judicial practice is also provided to resolve legal problems. In addition, the article considers the issues of formation of the conceptual apparatus of the procurement sphere, which are available today and which hinder the further development of procurement activities. The problems of applying the norms governing procurement activities, which are contained directly in legislative acts, have been identified. The shortcomings indicated by the author in the field of procurement for state and municipal needs will serve to further form financial legislation in Russia and the science of financial law in general, as well as the development of a procurement system to meet state and municipal needs, and meet the needs of society.

The article analyzes some legal aspects of cooperation (how, with whom and whether to cooperate) in the context of fragmentation of international law. The factors contributing to fragmentation are investigated, and its assessment is given in the context of globalization, deglobalization and the West's proclaimed attempt to replace the system of international law with a rules-based order. Ideas are developed that as some starting points for cooperation in current geopolitical situation, attention should be paid, on the one hand, to the transition to a new technological order, the basis of which is the digital economy, on the other hand, to the development of means of economic interaction in conditions of trade fragmentation, taking into account the need to solve the issue of the degree of tolerance of trade between countries with political differences and the possibility of using well-known mechanisms (e.g., parallel import, etc.) as a result of the development of the BRICS, the EAEU and the SCO. The ideas of foreign scientists about the roots of fragmentation in the context of systemic concepts of a differentiated global society, autonomous private regimes and post-national formations, etc., are highlighted and analyzed, and their viability in the context of thoughts about the future of the state is assessed. Scientific novelty is determined by the subject of the study. Among the conclusions reached by the author is the opinion that the concept of foreign researchers of the late 20th century—early 21st century on the impact of the emergence of a polycentric form of globalization in the form of social systems regulated by a certain «global» law on the fragmentation of law is explained by a number of political motives (e.g., to avoid the term «international law» by asserting the imminent birth of law, unrelated and inconsistent with state, but emanating from post-state formations, for example, «rules-based», etc.), which, however, is not confirmed by the observed decline in globalization.

In legal doctrine and practice, the principle of inviolability of the home guarantees everyone the protection of rights and interests, preventing unjustified and arbitrary interference in his private life and ensuring respect for his home. Any actions that may violate this principle must be clearly justified on legitimate grounds, such as the need to protect public order, and must be authorized by the competent authorities. It is necessary to include in Article 3 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation a decoding of the concept of «housing», with an accurate list of objects that are understood by this concept. In addition, it is proposed to develop legally established rules for the owner and the right of the employer from illegal intrusion of the owner.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the problems of avoidance of bankruptcy trustee from taking measures aimed at state registration of the right and transfer of ownership of a bankrupt to real estate, the legal consequences of the absence of the obligation of such managers to make timely changes to the State Register of real estate, as well as to consider possible ways to overcome them. Conclusions. In the procedures «bankruptcy proceedings» and «the sale of a debtor's property», the obligation to take the actions necessary to register the debtor's ownership of real estate lies with the relevant bankruptcy trustee as a person performing public law functions and obliged to act in the interests of not only the debtor, but also his creditors, not to cause damage to other members of society. The bankrupt himself in these procedures is deprived by law of the authority to do this on his own. In order to protect the public interests, as well as the rights of creditors, the debtor and buyers of his property at auctions during bankruptcy, it is necessary to legislate the obligation of bankruptcy trustee to take measures for the state registration of the debtor's rights within a reasonable time, except in cases when the bankruptcy trustee did not know and could not know about the existence of grounds for registration. It should be fixed in the law that their identification of new objects that meet the characteristics of real estate owned by the debtor and the commission of actions aimed at registering the debtor's ownership of these objects are grounds for postponing the completion of the inventory, re-inventory, postponing bidding, to extend the terms of the relevant bankruptcy procedure.

The article considers the legal regulation of investment activities in the Arctic. The main economic directions for investment programs from the state and private business are highlighted. A number of regulatory legal acts related to investment on the economic activities of the country were investigated. Attention is paid to investment per person, that is, on an educated young specialist in the Arctic. It was noted that in the Arctic zone, states in tandem with big business to develop the country's economy and solve social problems should invest in the direction of entrepreneurship—small business. It should be done that it is necessary to adopt a comprehensive regulatory act to regulate economic relations in the Russian Arctic.

A task. Corporate culture is an integral part of the existence of any organization. The main issue of the existence of corporate culture from the point of view of legal science is its legal regulation. And if everything is quite clear from the point of view of official sources of its broadcasting, then the corporate culture is regulated by local regulations. Corporate culture in terms of unwritten rules of conduct in an organization is an open question. Model. Legal regulation of corporate culture and general theoretical foundations for the formation of its legal understanding. The article uses a number of scientific research methods, in particular: the method of analysis, comparative legal, formal logical methods and the method of comparative jurisprudence. This will allow us not only to solve modern problems in the field of the correlation of the legal foundations of regulation of civil law relations and corporate culture. The scientific novelty of the research consists in an attempt to understand the relationship between the concepts of corporate culture and legal custom. Also, for the purposes of this work, the concept of «labor custom» is formulated, as well as in the ratio of definitions of corporate culture and legal custom at the theoretical level, supporting the study with arguments from practice. Conclusion. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that corporate culture is essentially a narrower concept than legal (labor) custom, and issues not regulated by civil legislation are part of corporate culture.

The relevance of considering this issue is due to the fact that, due to the tightening of monetary policy, subsidized commercial loans are becoming the only available means of financing for small and medium-sized businesses. The study examined in detail the regulations governing loan transactions in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The concepts of loan, commodity loan and commercial loan were highlighted. Special attention was paid to the concept of «bank lending on preferential terms». The purpose of this article is to consider the problem of the legal definition of the concept of «concessional lending to small and medium-sized businesses». Conclusions. Despite the fact that article 17 of the Federal Law «On the Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in the Russian Federation» mentions financial support through the provision of subsidies, budget investments, state and municipal guarantees for the obligations of SMEs, it does not include concessional lending as a way of financial support. This means that the legal regulation of lending based solely on subsidizing loans is insufficiently regulated. Despite the widespread use of the term «bank lending on preferential terms», it was revealed that this concept is not defined either in Federal Law No. 209-FZ, nor in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, nor in the relevant by-laws regulating the procedure for granting subsidies to credit organizations. The available definitions in foreign sources, as well as definitions of well-known legal scholars and economists, are analyzed. Based on the identified essential features, a proper definition of this concept is given, describing the specifics of concessional lending, which must be introduced into the new version of the law «On the Development of small and medium-sized Enterprises in the Russian Federation».

The purpose of the study. The article analyzes the use of the capabilities of robotics and hardware and software in forensic practice and in the production of individual investigative actions in order to increase their effectiveness in the fight against crime. Conclusions. Criminology continues to be a dynamically developing science, actively enriching its methodological and technical potential through innovations in various fields of science and technology. The development of criminology associated with scientific and technological progress has significantly expanded the possibilities of preliminary investigation in solving the tasks of countering criminal manifestations. The further positive development of criminology is largely due to the constant improvement of its methodological and logistical base, the training of the necessary number of qualified specialists in its innovative fields in the expert community.

Decentralized lending is one of the key services in the field of decentralized finance. Due to its specifics, DeFi attracts participants all over the world, allowing you to fully take advantage of blockchain technologies. This article presents arguments emphasizing the key importance of interest rates in shaping the behavior of participants, allocating resources, and balancing supply and demand of financial products and services. The article also examines the impact of interest rates on the stability and efficiency of decentralized financial systems. In addition, it examines various approaches to setting interest rates in these ecosystems, including market mechanisms and algorithmic models.

In this paper an issue of assessing the reactions of Russian investors in the stock market to news shocks in an industry context is considered. The problem of studying investors' reactions to news shocks is related to the difficulty of tracking the effect of publishing news that can announce the probability of an event. In order to determine the reactions in the form of investors’ actions stimulated by news publications, it is necessary to consider a short period of time both before and after the occurrence of a news event. This effect can be clearly determined in a stock market, where it is important for investors to make fast decisions on buying and selling shares after the news publication. The purpose of this paper is to explain the impact of news shocks on investors’ behavior strategies. Within the framework of this paper, solutions to the following tasks are presented:

- Specific characteristics of investors’ behavior in the stock market are determined;

- The impact of news shocks on investors’ behavior has been determined;

- An intersectoral analysis of changes in investment strategies on the Moscow Stock Exchange under the influence of news shocks was carried out;

- Investment strategies of Russian investors under the influence of shocks are characterized.

In this work, both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. The first ones include the synthesis and analysis of scientific literature, comparative and statistical analysis. The second is to conduct an Event Study analysis based on data obtained from open sources. Statistical data analysis was carried out using the R programming language and the Gretl program.

The purpose of the study is to develop a methodological apparatus for the formation of dual-use scientific and industrial clusters—a form recognized at the highest level of management of the military-industrial complex to help diversify defense enterprises and organizations. Based on the results of the work, the following main conclusions were obtained. The few dual-use scientific and industrial clusters created in recent years are still not much different from the well-known vary-ants of the organization of industrial and innovative clusters and it is not entirely clear how they will fulfill their main purpose—to facilitate the transfer of defense technologies to the civilian sector. First of all, this concerns the issues of removing the regime of secrecy from military technologies that can be used to produce civilian products. Experts call this problem the main obstacle to the transfer of such technologies. At the same time, starting in 2022, the list of dual-use goods and technologies that can be used in the creation of weapons and military equipment and for which export control is carried out is approved and updated. This list contains unambiguous exceptions allowing the use of dual-use goods and technologies for civilian purposes. The second problem—the choice of an anchor company for the cluster—is being addressed ambiguously today. The article shows that the most forest-like solution is the formation of a cluster around a reputable scientific and industrial company in the field of cluster specialization. Given the competitive nature of the activities of defense organizations in the civilian market, it is also necessary to provide options for organizing relations between its developers and manufacturers. The article describes organizational solutions of this plan, involving the creation of consortia, joint ventures, as well as the release of products within the framework of contract production and franchise.

The objective of this study is to examine the current trends in the development of the textile industry. An analysis of the Russian Science Citation Index and Scopus revealed the specific characteristics of research conducted by domestic and foreign authors. The following conclusions were drawn: firstly, the textile industry remains a significant area of scientific research in Russia and abroad; secondly, the quantitative indicators of publication activity in the industry remain at a high level, but the qualitative ones are at a low level. Thirdly, the works analysing the environmental agenda in the textile industry are most in demand. This reflects the competitive struggle of the largest producers. It has been established that high indicators of scientific activity in Russia are not converted into economic results of textile industry enterprises. It has been shown that Russia has an excessive share of publications in conference collections compared to journals. The study revealed the insufficient demand for Russian research in the field of textile industry. The main reason for this is the language barrier.

This study examines the current problem of food waste and hunger in the world, with an emphasis on the situation in Russia. Food shortages have been identified in many countries due to various factors such as conflict, climate change and pandemic. The article highlights the importance of sustainable food management to reduce food waste and fight hunger. The study showed that each person throws away a huge amount of food every year, which negatively affects both the people themselves and the environment. Provides evidence of how rising food waste is impacting climate change and threatening ecosystems. An overview of various food sharing models is given, showing examples of platforms and organizations involved in the exchange of food on a commercial, charitable and public basis. The author notes the significant potential of food sharing not only in reducing food waste, but also in solving problems of food availability for those in need. The need to revise tax policy to stimulate the participation of companies in charitable programs, including food sharing, is pointed out.

The purpose of the study. The article examines the problems of relations between public legal entities of the Russian Federation. The current aspects of the organization of inter-budgetary relations and the changes that have occurred over the past almost twenty years are analyzed. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of inter-budgetary relations at the present stage. This is necessary to determine the further development of inter-budgetary relations and their reorientation to new instruments. Conclusions. Because of the conducted research, the author concludes that inter-budgetary relations in the modern budgetary system of the country are undergoing significant changes. Some of these changes are positive and should be continued. Some of the changes raise doubts about their necessity. The budget system of the Russian Federation has a complex structure from the point of view of management. The differentiation of revenue receipts and expenditure powers between public legal entities is the basis of inter-budgetary relations. The provision of subsidies over a long period (since 1994) does not have a significant positive effect on the subjects receiving them. Despite efforts to reduce the number of targeted transfers, their fragmentation remains at a high level. Budget loans have fully become an instrument of inter-budgetary relations. In conclusion, the author defines the directions for improving the organization of inter-budgetary relations in the Russian Federation.

Task. The article considers topical issues of logistics cost accounting in the Russian Federation, identifies the main problems and suggests ways to solve them on the basis of the latest research. Modern accounting methods, the role of information technology, the influence of external factors and the need for government support are considered. The purpose of this article is to consider topical issues of logistics cost accounting in the Russian Federation, identify the main problems and propose ways to solve them on the basis of the latest research. Model. The article analyzes examples of successful practices and suggests directions for further development. Conclusions. To solve the problems, it is necessary to introduce modern methods of accounting and analyzing logistics costs, to develop information systems and technologies, to improve personnel qualification, to monitor and adapt to external conditions, as well as to develop state standards. Practical significance. The practical significance of the article lies in the fact that the findings and proposed aspects of the implementation of measures to improve logistics cost accounting in the Russian Federation will allow enterprises to manage their logistics costs more effectively, which, in turn, will contribute to their sustainable development and competitiveness in the global market. Originality. The investigated area of accounting is not fully researched and presented for practical application, but it is the accounting of logistics costs that makes it possible to fully assess the activities of economic entities and their financial results.

Task. The development of organizations in the modern world goes through the most difficult stages of uncertainty, primarily in the external environment. The set of factors that require control and timely response on the part of the organization is constantly being supplemented with dangers for successful business. Scientific approaches to risk management make it possible to develop new knowledge about risks, in particular, to combine a number of economic categories into solving one problem. These categories are: organizational management system, economic security system, management and risk management, internal control. The problem is the lack of a unified concept of risk management, taking into account all areas of economic science listed above. Conclusions. The purpose of the study is to form a concept that squares each of the above categories. Model. Based on the study of fundamental management theories, the square of risk management is presented and the concept of combining the best methods and procedures, processes and measures that do not duplicate, but complement each other, is substantiated. The concept of the square allows you to highlight effective actions in each of its parts to achieve the strategic goal of the organization. Practical significance. The proposed and developed measures, actions on the part of the presented economic areas of science are of practical importance for increasing the efficiency of the organization in the conditions of a large set of negative factors in the internal and external environment of the company. Originality. The originality of the work lies in the formation of new knowledge about the actions of each direction associated with risk management in the form of a square concept.

The stabilization of activities within each individual enterprise largely depends on the effectiveness of managing its economic security, the key role in the system of which is played by the financial component. The difficulty of forecasting changes in the external and internal environment of an enterprise in the conditions of formation of economic security necessitates adherence to the principle of adaptability, that is, the ability to respond in a timely manner to environmental changes based on improving internal processes and adjusting the management system. The purpose of the article is to consistently consider the basic concepts of adaptive management to form the theoretical foundations for the use of adaptive management in the conditions of formation of financial and economic security. The article analyzes the features of applying the concept of adaptive management in ensuring the financial and economic security of enterprises. The essence of the financial and economic security of an enterprise is determined from the point of view of different approaches. The classification of threats to the economic security of an enterprise according to classification criteria is analyzed from the position of adaptability and sources of risk. The tasks of adaptive management in ensuring the economic security of the enterprise are substantiated. By consistently considering such basic concepts as «adaptation», «adaptability», «enterprise adaptation», «adaptive management», the basic principles of applying adaptive management of the financial security of an enterprise are substantiated. It is concluded that adaptive management of the financial and economic security of an enterprise consists in the implementation of management actions in conditions of information restrictions and accelerated and difficult to predict changes in the conditions of the enterprise's activities, which involve the introduction of changes in the organizational structure and methods of managing financial and economic security.