Economic Problems and Legal Practice

Goals/objectives. The scientific article discusses topical issues related to the legal provision of mentoring in Russia in modern and historical aspects. The purpose is to define the definition of mentoring in legislation and scientific doctrine, as well as to identify the legal traditions of interaction between mentor and mentee in various fields, including education. The relevance of the topic considered in the article is due to the fact that 2023 in the Russian Federation has been declared the Year of the Teacher and Mentor at the state level. At the same time, the strategic planning documents outline the task of gradually involving students in various forms of support and mentoring.

Methodology.. The research used methods of analysis and synthesis, dialectical, systemic, historical-legal, formal-legal and others.

Conclusions. The article notes that the importance of teaching work increases in the context of solving the tasks of training highly qualified personnel who meet modern needs, which should contribute to achieving the economic, technological, and cultural sovereignty of the country. The revival of the legal traditions of mentoring as an actual educational and personnel technology at the present stage, the popularization of the best mentoring practices will contribute to the training of highly qualified specialists with an appropriate level of professional competence, an active civic position, which will allow them to be in demand and competitive in the labor market, and in turn will lead to timely and high-quality solutions to important tasks in the socio-economic, political, and cultural spheres.

The purpose of the research. The article examines the main stages of the formation and development of the Russian land use system in the XVIII century. The main normative acts regulating land relations, regulating the activities of state land management bodies and the process of land surveying are analyzed. The purpose of the study is to identify patterns and trends in the development of the land use system in Russia in the XVIII century, as well as the influence of the feudal system on the efficiency of land use. Results. In the XVIII century, Russia underwent significant transformations in the land use system, which were associated with the reforms of Peter I and subsequent rulers. These transformations were aimed at modernizing the State, strengthening centralized authority and improving the efficiency of land management. Nevertheless, land relations remained closely linked to the institution of serfdom, which played an important role in the distribution of land resources.

This article discusses the norms related to the administrative legislation of the time period referred to in the book The Gospel of Matthew of the New Testament. The guidelines and prescriptions enshrined in it, many of which were previously set out in the books of the Old Testament, when the origin and formation of public-state relations took place, and in modern Russian society are relevant and fundamental.

Purpose of the study. The article analyzes the features of the influence of international law and foreign national legislation on the formation of the public legal foundations of public-private partnerships in Russia, primarily in the context of Russia’s activities within the CIS.

Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the development at the level of international organizations of legal recommendations and model acts in the field of public-private partnerships, including those that consider public-private partnerships as a means of achieving sustainable development goals, can simplify and speed up law-making processes in states- participants, while simultaneously ensuring the harmonization of national legislation and the unification of the legal systems of cooperating states. It is substantiated that in order to unify public legal regulation on the territory of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the system of principles of public-private partnership from the CIS model law «On Public-Private Partnership» (2014) should be incorporated into the legislation on public-private partnerships of Russia and other member states. Unlike a number of foreign countries (Germany, France, Great Britain), in which the practice of public-private partnership has a long history and an established approach to its legal regulation has been formed, which does not imply fundamental changes, in modern Russia, due to the rapid development of market relations, in In recent decades, there has been an active development of the conceptual foundations of public legal regulation of public-private partnerships, improvement of relevant legislation and development of the practice of its application.

The article is devoted to issues of legal protection and protection of personal data from the point of view of philosophy and ethics; approaches to the protection of personal data in judicial practice in the Russian Federation through the prism of ethics; features of the relationship of legal protection of personal data and ethics; current judicial practice in solving ethical issues in the field of protection of protection of personal data; problems of improving legislation in terms of ethics in the Russian Federation in accordance with the legislation on personal data.

The purpose of the research. The article examines the features of the legal regulation of the circulation of utilitarian digital rights in Russia in the field of venture investment in order to identify ways to intensify the use of this tool to attract financing for innovative projects.

Results. An analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the circulation of digital rights was carried out, and it was concluded that the potential for using these assets in venture investment is not realized in practice, since the law prohibits the issuance and circulation of utilitarian digital rights that establish the obligation to transfer property subject to state registration. In particular, this entails the impossibility of issuing utilitarian digital rights tied to the transfer of rights to objects of patent law. It is noted that there are currently infrastructure solutions that in the future may serve as the basis for expanding the use of digital rights in venture investment, if legal barriers are eliminated and in the case of mandatory connection to the information system in which the issuance of utilitarian digital rights is carried out, authorized registration bodies and legislative regulation of the procedure for the exchange of information between participants in such a system and registration authorities. It is concluded that in the field of intellectual property, the RCIS.RF system could serve as an organizational and technological basis for the implementation of these proposals, subject to the removal of legal barriers.

This article examines the role of transcendental values in the context of civil law. Transcendental values are considered as values that are related to spirituality, ethics, morality and ideals. Such values often exceed purely material interests. The influence of transcendental values on civil law is analyzed and it is proposed to consider them as the basis of the legal system. The author also analyzes possible challenges and problems associated with different interpretations of transcendental values in civil law. It is noted that the integration of transcendent values in civil law is important to achieve a balance between individual rights and interests and the general welfare of society.

The Italian model of social entrepreneurship has been based on Christian values, social solidarity and business practices for almost a century. In this area, the transition of law formation to law-making was extremely slow. The formation of the institutional environment actually began only after the adoption of the Constitution of 1947, the provisions of which were specified in the legislation only in 1991. At the same time, in the process of long evolution, the legal basis for social and socially significant functions of cooperation without motivation for profit was formed. Declaring participation in the development of social entrepreneurial institutions, the Italian state at the same time ensured supervision over the observance of the goal of social cooperation. The regulation, in force since 1991, regulates three areas: the provision of social services and assistance in finding employment and the production of products for the socially poor. The adjustment of the Italian model of legal regulation in 2005 singled out the third mixed group, which included A + B cooperatives, combining the models of «social and labor integration», «sustainable development» and «public benefit». The new legal framework took into account the interests of employees of cooperatives, as well as other interested individuals and groups, which made the Italian legal model a European model for regulating social entrepreneurship. Thus, the trend towards sustainable development has been realized. Less attention is paid to the problems of corruption and fictitious cooperation.

In the article, the author discusses the issues of surety in bankruptcy. In particular, the author analyzes the legal status of the guarantor and debtor in bankruptcy. It is concluded that insufficient attention is paid to this issue in science. The article deals with current problems arising in legal doctrine, as well as in judicial practice. The author analyzes the approaches outlined in the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 26 of 06/29/2023 «On the specifics of the application of the rules on surety by courts in insolvency (bankruptcy) cases». The author draws attention to the problem of the identity of the liability of the debtor and the guarantor when the guarantor pays contractual interest and penalties for the period from the introduction of the first procedure against the debtor to the commencement of the bankruptcy procedure of the guarantor. In addition, the author points out the differentiation of responsibility in joint and separate sureties. The article notes that in some positions, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, in order to protect the interests of the creditor, departs from the accessory nature of the surety relationship. The article also substantiates the inefficiency of the model of informing the guarantor by the debtor about the performance of the obligation.

The purpose of the research. The article is devoted to the study of the history of formation of the concept of corporate governance. The historical period of development of the concept of corporate governance is no less important than the modern concept of corporate governance and it is necessary to study it, analyze the dynamics and trends. The purpose of the study is to analyze the formation of the concept of corporate governance in dynamics. Results. According to the results of the study, the author's view of the history of the emergence and development of corporate governance is presented. It is proved that the concept of corporate governance was not yet formed in the period of the Roman Empire. It seems more correct to define the period when the terminology began to be formed as associated with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Modern terminology is formed, but the understanding of the essence of corporate definition is not uniform. In general, opinions are divided into two groups: those who propose to include only participants of the corporation and management, and those who exclude subjects other than participants of the corporate legal entity and persons performing management. The author's conclusion that the expansion of the concept of corporate governance by increasing the subject composition of legal relations does not correspond to the essence, because the participation of other persons in corporate legal relations is secondary, indirect.

Small and medium-sized enterprises are one of the important sectors of the economy that ensure the economic security of the state, due to the impact that it has on the stability of the socio-economic system. But due to the limited resources of their own and greater sensitivity to economic changes than other enterprises, small and medium-sized businesses need to provide sources of additional financing throughout their activities. The legal regulation of state support is a fundamental basis for the development of small and medium-sized businesses. Despite the financial support measures already in force and newly introduced by the state to ensure the effective growth of small and medium-sized businesses, including concessional lending, the creation of guarantee funds, etc., the increase in lending to small and medium-sized businesses was insignificant and mainly in such an industry as Wholesale and Retail Trade, which They demonstrate stable development without government assistance. The basis for the legal regulation of bank lending to small and medium-sized businesses should be the features of these entities related to the special conditions of lending in various industries, the procedure for setting the interest rate in the loan agreement and the limits of its change. The purpose of this article is to identify the features of legal regulation in the field of bank lending to small and medium-sized businesses. The problems under consideration are: to analyze whether obtaining benefits in lending is a right for small and medium-sized businesses; to study the specifics of loan agreements in different industries; to identify the procedure for setting the interest rate in the loan agreement and the limits of its change.

Conclusions. According to the results of the study, it was found that the conditions of bank lending do not take into account the characteristics of borrowers in different industries. Restraining the development of bank lending is due to the lack of a legislative framework protecting the rights of borrowers. The legislation does not oblige Banks to conclude a preferential loan agreement, the terms of which depend on the internal rules of the bank and the current legislation.

This article analyzes some points related to the use of cryptographic means of payment for criminal activities. The modern financial and legal system, even at the international level, has not conceptually defined the category of digital currency. This phenomenon, which is new both from a technological and legal point of view, is actively being integrated into the modern social system. And as often happens, it is the criminals who react most quickly to such innovations, using them for the purposes of their criminal activities. The conclusion is substantiated that it is necessary to create a clear criminal legal framework, and to introduce specific qualifying features into the already existing compositions of criminally punishable acts, aggravating punishment for the use of cryptographic means of payment in illegal activities.

In this article, the issues of forming a list of types and kinds of forensic expertise are discussed. The author emphasizes that forensic appraisal expertise are an integral part of judicial procedural practice and require specialized knowledge and skills in the field of valuation. The article presents well-grounded proposals for improving the regulatory and methodological framework for forensic appraisal expertise, as well as contributes to the classification of forensic expertise in modern practice. The author comes to the conclusion that judicial appraisal as an institution of procedural law is a voluminous, complexly structured, complex concept based on a synthetic scientific foundation and is in the process of formation and development.

In this article, we investigate the contribution of the drivers of changes in the interest rate environment over time in the US economy. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is often used in the world with interest rates. It rotates the original dataset linearly so that the modified dataset is orthogonal and better represents variation within the dataset. It has proven itself to be a powerful statistical method in the field of yield curve analysis. PCA-based time structure models usually provide an accurate fit to observed returns and explain most of fluctuations. Although the main components are the building blocks of modern time structure models, this approach has been less studied for risk modeling. Interest rate risk models are usually difficult to define and evaluate due to the changing modes of profitability and volatility. In this article, we combine estimates of conditional volatility of the main components within the framework of quantile regression (QREG) to derive estimates of the profitability of the distribution. This study will be conducted based on the historical values of the US curve, starting in 2006. Also, the decomposition of changes in yields at different durations and relative to changes in different shapes is presented.

The purpose of this article, which opens the series of articles devoted to the study of the experience of remuneration of medical workers in foreign countries, is the detailed study of the experience of remuneration of medical workers in continental European countries. The healthcare sector plays an important role in any country in the world, as it sets as its task socially significant goals—maintaining or improving health through the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, restoration or treatment of diseases, ailments, injuries and other physical and mental disorders of people. The study revealed, that when choosing a mechanism for setting wages in continental European countries, it is possible to use the following methods: establishing a minimum wage and determining its structure; introduction of certain forms of payment; indexation of wages and implementation of measures to prevent excessive growth, which vary depending on the socio-economic characteristics of the country. It is necessary to keep in mind the institutional features of the labor market in each country: mechanisms that are effective in some countries may be completely ineffective in others.

The article is devoted to one of the most pressing problems of the modern world—international migration. The scale and nature of immigration to the Russian Federation are considered. International migration, largely labor migration, has now become an integral economic feature for any State. In terms of population displacement, modern Russia is highly integrated into the global economy and is currently the fourth destination country in the world, second only to the United States of America, Germany and Saudi Arabia. Considering the migration situation in the country, the main migration donors for the Russian Federation, which are citizens of the CIS and the EAEU, are noted. The main share of those entering the territory of the country is defined as «work» for their purpose of stay. Researchers consider demographic factors to be destabilizing factors of the labor market, which are manifested in the trend of natural population decline that has developed in recent years. In this case, population migration acts as a means of redistributing human capital. This process causes positive changes in the economy, in intercultural exchange, but illegal migration can have a negative impact, lead to an increase in crime and, on the contrary, negatively affect the country's economy, reduce the sustainability of regional development. The article focuses on identifying the risks of illegal migrant labor. The information base of the study was statistical and analytical materials of the international statistics services and the database of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.

The article examines the mechanism for assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of state programs using the example of individual subprograms of the state program of the city of Moscow Development of the digital environment and innovation from the point of view of the applicability of the existing mechanism for assessing the effectiveness of regional budget expenditures on digitalization, identifying problem areas in the application of the presented mechanism in the context of the issue under consideration.

The purpose of the study is to summarize the practice of the world experience in the use of centralized and decentralized finance. The article provides an analysis of the regulatory legal regulation of the activities of states to implement a system of digital circulation of finance. The article assesses the risks of introducing digital finance to increase the crime rate in various countries, and also presents the author's interpretation of the concept of digital sovereignty.

Thе present paper focuses on a new form of cooperation built on the basis of coordination of approaches, within the US-EU Trade and Technology Council. TTC was launched by these countries in 2021 to promote their shared prosperity and competitiveness through collaboration in working groups. For these purposes 10 working groups were established on various topics. The TTC appears intent on avoiding tough issues that have stymied trans-Atlantic negotiators in the past. At the inaugural TTC summit, the EU and the US made the commitment to coordinate approaches to key global technology, economic and trade issues and to base policies on shared democratic values. The European Commission and the Biden administration established the TTC as a non-binding instrument. This simplifies negotiations and facilitates an agile approach to addressing common evolving challenges. However, it also means that the scope and applicability of TTC decisions are inherently limited. The US desire to turn the TTC into a geopolitical instrument aimed at China turned out to be incompatible with the reality of the EU. European foreign and security policy continues to be shaped predominantly in EU capitals—not in Brussels. One area of particular concern to both sides is the current global shortage of semiconductors. Parties have completed a joint early warning mechanism in addressing semiconductor supply chain disruptions. They are committed to sharing information on public support given to the semiconductor sector, aiming to avoid subsidy races, maintained a continuous exchange of best practices and also seek to collaborate further by expanding R&D.

One of the urgent problems today is the need to develop the construction industry in Russia, and, as a consequence, the need to assess the socio-economic effects of the funds provided, taking into account the nature of their use and the specifics of the industry. In particular, many researchers note the presence of innovative aspects in the development of the construction industry, which has a beneficial effect on the formation of the construction specialization of the regions. It should be noted that the construction industry occupies about 5% of Russia's GDP structure and forms the conditions for its comprehensive development. Currently, the construction industry is a rapidly developing area of economic development. The purpose of the article is to consider the peculiarities of the development of the construction industry in Russia and to identify the regularity of its impact on the economy of the country as a whole. The objectives of the study are various trends that can be presented to the construction industry that claim to be innovative, and the prospects for development that have a special socio-economic significance are also considered. Research methods: methods of synthesis and analysis of theoretical and practical material were used. Results. The conducted research proves that the use of innovative technologies makes it possible to determine the further vector of development of the construction industry. The innovation accelerator aims to create opportunities for new technologies focused on productivity and environmental protection.