Urban construction and architecture

The preservation of cultural heritage is one of the most important tasks in the modern world. Carrying out restoration work of buildings and structures requires a comprehensive study of an architectural monument, its appearance, building materials from which it is made, as well as its design features. During repair and restoration work, it is necessary to know the physical and mechanical characteristics of materials, including wood. In addition, you need to know the breed from which the structure is made. This can be done using only a set of studies – chemical, macrometric and micrometric. With the help of chemical reactions, it is determined what type of species this or that wood belongs to – coniferous or deciduous. The macrometric method determines such a feature of hardwood species as their diffuse-vascular or ring-vascular structure. Micrometric analysis makes it possible to study the obtained samples more subtly and, by their structure, unambiguously determine the specific rock from which the structure is made. In addition, a change in the strength of wood that has been used for more than a hundred years has been revealed, compared with reference data for these species.

In the water supply system of buildings and structures, in most cases, water pressure is excessive. This leads to the loss of energy spent on creating water pressure and causes an overexpenditure of energy resources. One of the ways to utilize the lost energy is to use it in the water supply systems of micro hydroelectric power plants. At the same time, there is no detailed methodology for designing such devices, which is an obstacle to their development and mass implementation. In particular, there is no methodology for designing the main unit of a microhydroelectric power station – a hydroturbine, which largely determines the efficiency of the device. The paper shows one of the methods for profiling the impeller of a radial-axial hydraulic turbine of a microhydroelectric power station using Bezier curves to achieve the highest efficiency of the device.

The article highlights the problems of providing high-quality drinking water to residents of the rural settlement of Rozhdestveno in the Samara region. The results of the analysis of drinking water of the specified population on such indicators as total hardness, hydrogen index (pH), total iron are presented. The influence of excessive content of calcium and iron ions on human health is noted. The analysis of various forms of the existence of iron in natural waters is carried out. As a result of the analysis of the chemical composition of the water, the absence of water treatment for the population was established. It is determined that when transparent artesian water is standing in the air, a brown precipitate appears. The article presents the authors’ opinions on how work should be carried out to improve the quality of water treatment before supplying water to the water supply network for the population in order to reduce the negative impact of such water on human health.

One of the factors of water pollution (in particular, the Volga and Samara rivers) is untreated surface wastewater. The article considers the reasons for the current negative situation, establishes the outlets of the historical part of the city that have a pernicious effect on the water body, some of which are located in the zones of sanitary protection of water treatment facilities. Information on the prevention of river pollution is presented, a classification of wastewater is developed according to the available long-term observation periods.

To increase the efficiency of the combined-cycle gas plant, it is proposed to carry out the daily cooling of the cyclic air of the two-stage turbocharger of the gas turbine plant with turbine condensate, followed by its cooling with the make-up water of the district heating system, and after the gas condensate heater in the tail section of the two-circuit heat exchanger, additionally place the heat exchange surface of the source water heater. The proposed solution makes it possible to save in the combined Brighton-Rankin cycle the heat spent on intermediate cooling of the cyclic air of the GTU. At the same time, in order to increase the efficiency of the heat recovery boiler, the temperature of the exhaust gases discharged from it is reduced in the source water heater. The analysis of the operation of the combined-cycle power unit PGU-450 without the use and with the use of intermediate cooling of the cyclic air by a turbine condenser is carried out. It has been established that with the introduction of intermediate cooling of cyclic air, the specific consumption of conventional fuel for the generation of electrical energy for PGU-450 decreases from 239.16 to 235.81 g/(kWh).

The questions of the influence of the phase composition of cellular concrete on the value of internal heat release during the formation of hydrosilicates in its structure are considered. X-ray phase analysis, electromicroscopy and petrography of cellular concrete samples taken from different parts of the massif were carried out. Based on the data obtained, a qualitative and quantitative assessment of their phase composition was made. The limits of the deviation of the amount of tobermorite in terms of the volume of the studied cellular concrete mass were determined. A comparative analysis of the results obtained within the framework of this study was carried out.

The article considers the properties of galvanic sludge. Taking into account the chemical and disperse composition, the role of galvanic sludge as a heterogeneous crystallization catalyst is substantiated. The effect of the amount of galvanic sludge, temperature and duration of heat treatment on the process of crystallization of glass mass has been studied. The results of the phase composition and strength characteristics of the studied compositions are presented. The required amount of galvanic sludge for maximum crystallization of glass mass has been established. The optimal mode of heat treatment is determined. Experimental data confirm the role of galvanic sludge as a low-temperature catalyst for the crystallization of amorphous cullet.

The flow rate of a viscous fluid in the slot gap of the hydraulic drive of machines and mechanisms used in construction technology is determined. For various combinations of pressure and friction effects in the case of a movable and stationary plunger, the force acting on the walls of the gap is found. The influence of the taper of the gap on the frictional flow along the fixed wall is considered. The coordinates of the transition of unidirectional fluid motion to multidirectional are found. The forces acting on the movable plunger of a non-contact seal are determined. To ensure complete static balance of radial and axial forces, it is necessary that the holes in the spool sleeve are strictly diametrically opposed. To reduce the force required to move the plunger under pressure, electromagnets with a large traction force are used. Graphic dependences of the forces acting on the plunger are constructed, taking into account the taper and eccentricity of the slot. It is usually not possible to accurately calculate the forces acting on the plunger, so any non-contact pair must be bench tested.

In the modern world, monolithic construction remains one of the most popular options for the construction of buildings and structures. Monolithic construction is applied using formwork, which is a classic construction solution. Currently, fixed formwork is increasingly being used – a block structure that is filled with concrete and, if necessary, reinforcement. After erection, the structure is not removed and serves as part of the finished building or structure. The advantage of this technology lies in the combination of various works in one production process. Thus, the installation of formwork, building insulation, sound insulation and preparation of walls for finishing takes place in a single complex. This article discusses the types of technology for the construction of enclosing structures in fixed formwork. An analysis, comparison is carried out and a conclusion is made about the most advantageous option.

In the article, the intellectualization of a traditional city is considered as a process that manifests itself in the field of urban planning through the creation of a whole network of urban formations that serve as markers of innovative development, including “technopolises”, “innopolises”, “technoparks”, “technopoles”, “technological areas”. ”, “research parks” and “science parks”. The listed objects are, first of all, places of application of labor and from this position have a city-forming significance, however, all of them do not have an established social infrastructure, unlike a traditional city, which does not allow them to instantly become attractive to the population of megacities. Different territorial level and location of innovative town-planning formations (INGSO) made it possible to identify four principal schemes of intellectualization of a traditional city: indirect, local integrated, widespread. Widespread intellectualization is characterized by the fact that each sector of the economy has its own INGSO, and therefore, all areas of activity fall into the field of innovation. This intellectualization scheme is the most promising and viable.

The work of the outstanding Leningrad urban architect Valentin Alexandrovich Kamensky (1907 – 1975) is considered in the article. His name is associated with the stages of urban development of Leningrad in the late 1930s – early 1970s. V.A. Kamensky was one of the authors of the post-war General Plan for the Reconstruction and Development of Leningrad in 1948. In the first post-war years, he also headed the design of the reconstruction and development of the Kirovsky district of Leningrad. From 1951 to 1971 he was the Chief Architect of Leningrad and led the development of this city, while developing the General Plan of Leningrad, approved in 1966. This document was fully implemented by the mid-1980s. In accordance with it, the planning and engineering infrastructure of the city, which has been preserved to the present, has developed. Urban planning activity of V.A. Kamensky, its results and their generalizations became important aspects of the urban development of Leningrad in the post-war decades.

The issues of the introduction of environmental-oriented methods into the practice of architectural design are considered. The object of the study was multifunctional compounds with a predominance of multi-apartment housing, as well as facilities of student dormitories. The subject of the study was architectural methods for improving the environmental properties of the living environment. The purpose of the work was to identify popular and most effective modern ways to reduce the negative impact of buildings on the environment. Tasks of the work: clarification of the range of problems in the course of familiarization with the current legislative framework and regulatory documents, search for relevant examples in the arsenal of best practices of domestic and foreign architectural bureaus and analysis of methods of ecologization used in the design. The results of the work were the systematization of effective modern ways of taking into account environmental factors and proposals for highlighting the relevant key principles of architectural design. They correspond to the tasks of reducing the ecological footprint — the cumulative damage from the building’s impact on the environment.

The article discusses some of the main modern technologies used in the design and construction of high-rise buildings, which have the potential to develop the concept of a “vertical city”. Attention is drawn to innovativeness in the design of high-rise buildings and the contribution to the sustainable development of their complexes. It is said that thanks to the use of modern design and construction technologies in the planning, design and construction of “vertical cities”, it becomes possible to implement the idea of \u200b\u200bcontinuous vertical transformation of the city and the ability to adapt it in response to urban transformations. Attention is drawn to the fact that the design and construction of skyscrapers inevitably leads to the improvement and development of relevant technologies and competencies. It is concluded that as a result of improving building technologies, in the future cities will be able to produce a wider range of services both above the surface and in an urbanized underground.

Urban development of cities is a complex process that includes many factors and takes a long time. What role does the historical development of industry play in this process and to what extent does it contribute to its economic growth, social security, the development of the planning structure, the appearance of the city and its ecological component? We will try to see the answers to these questions on the example of the historical city of Vladikavkaz.