Urban construction and architecture

The location of buried ravines on the territory of Samara and the composition of technogenic deposits that filled the buried cuts were studied. Their binding to the modern cartographic basis of the city, the impact on the existing planning structure, on buildings and urban infrastructure, on the ongoing engineering and geological processes are considered. A significant impact of the presence of a buried ravine-beam network filled with organic technogenic deposits on the condition of the foundations and foundations of buildings was revealed using the example of two buildings from the register of cultural heritage of regional significance examined before the overhaul of the foundations.

The experience of modeling lighting masts in the FEM complex taking into account various factors is considered. The subject of the paper is the study of the influence of taking into account the pile foundation and installation defects in the form of a roll on the stress-strain behavior of the mast. The study considered four calculation schemes for a mass-produced lighting mast: M1 – no slant and no piles; M2 – 12 m long pile, no slant; M3 – 12 m long pile and a slant; M4 – 16 m piles and a slant. The results of the study showed that taking into account installation defects does not have a significant effect on the stress-strain behavior of the masts. Taking into account the joint work of piles with steel structures allows for a more accurate determination of the stress-strain behavior of the masts. At the same time, the calculated displacements can be more than 2 times higher than for masts calculated without taking into account the pile foundation. Also, taking into account the pile foundation leads to a decrease in the natural vibration frequencies of the masts, due to which the pulsation component of the wind load increases, and, consequently, the maximum forces in the elements of the structure.

The paper presents the results of determining the main characteristics of the air conditioner mixing chamber nozzle using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling method. To determine the main characteristics of the nozzle, numerical studies were carried out in the ANSYS Fluent software product. To simulate the fluid flow in the volume of the mixing chamber, the Euler approach was used - the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. The centrifugal air conditioner nozzle was considered as the object of study. Its parameters were determined - the flow characteristic and the opening angle of the liquid torch. Good agreement was obtained between the calculated parameters and the experimental data presented in the literature.

The calculation of the current station of sewage treatment plants of the Northern was carried out on the basis of experimental data, including the results of laboratory studies of design characteristics and measurements of hydraulic parameters. The calculation was performed using mathematical models of the SRI VODGEO/SamSTU and SNiP 2.04.03-85. The calculation of the station and operational parameters is analyzed. Underestimated volumes of the station capacitive equipment were revealed at the design stage, which later led to an abnormal quality of waste water treatment. As a result of the conducted research, there were grounds for the reconstruction of the WWTP to equip the station with a denerifier and increase the aeration zone.

Currently, nature-like technologies are actively developing to use the potential of nature to solve environmental problems, including minimizing pollution and improving the health of water bodies. An example of such technology is bioengineering facilities that use bioaccumulative plants. Therefore, the selection of plants for modern bioengineering facilities is relevant and in demand. The purpose of this work was to study the bioaccumulative ability and evaluate the possibility of using perennial herbaceous plants oregano (Latin Origanum vulgare L.) and mint (Latin Mentha arvensis L.) in bioengineering facilities for heavy metal surface wastewater treatment in residential areas. As part of the study, experimental data were obtained that allow us to conclude that these plants can be used as bioaccumulators for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater in the form of mono-additives and in various compositions. The best bioaccumulation efficiency achieved is 100 % for chromium, copper and manganese, 96 % for iron, 59 % for aluminum and 50 % for zinc.

One of the large-scale international environmental barriers is the increased pollution of ecological systems by aggressive waste, therefore, maintaining the environment in an appropriate form is a cornerstone not only for all mankind, but also for the planet as a whole. In addition, one of the most pronounced obstacles to the production process and the expansion of the range of ceramic products in the 21st century is the exhaustion of natural resources: clay raw materials, thinning ingredients, fluxes, additives that create porosity, etc. The rotation of natural raw materials to large-scale waste will significantly reduce the cost of bricks. Studies have shown that it is utopian to produce ceramic bricks without the introduction of preservatives in bentonite clay compositions. The composition, which includes 35 % phosphorous slag and 15 % ash and slag mixture, is identified as optimal for the production of bricks of the M125 brand.

The article presents the results of laboratory tests of driven piles with static load, the near-pile space of which has been improved by crushed stone and glass chips. The model piles were driven into an array of crushed stone or glass chips, which were placed in pre-drilled wells of different diameters. The purpose of the laboratory studies was to increase the bearing capacity of the driven pile due to the improved near-pile space, which was compared with the same bearing capacity of the pile, but only without improving the near-pile space. The obtained research results have shown the effectiveness of improving the surrounding pile space, which makes it possible to increase the bearing capacity of the driven pile in foundations with low numerical indicators of physical and mechanical characteristics. In addition to increasing the bearing capacity of the driven piles, the issue of recycling glass waste is being addressed, and consequently improving the environmental situation of the environment.

The snow cover of urban areas reflects the characteristics and degree of atmospheric air pollution, as well as the level of urbanization and intensity of anthropogenic activity of the city’s population. The article presents the results of a study of urban pollution (using the example of St. Petersburg). Field and laboratory studies of the contamination of snow masses were carried out according to several indicators: odor, color, turbidity, and the presence of sediment. Samples of snow masses were taken in various urban areas: a park area, a roadside area, an area near an enterprise, as well as on the territory of an educational institution. To determine the depth of possible penetration of pollutants into the soil, the granulometric characteristics of the soil in the study areas were determined. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, various measures have been developed and recommended to minimize the negative effects of snow pollution on urban soil and vegetation.

The article is devoted to the scientific heritage of a major Leningrad and St. Petersburg urban architect V.F. Nazarov (1932–2015). His activities are related to the development of master plans for Leningrad 1966 and Leningrad and the Leningrad Region 1987–2005. In the early 2000s. V.F. Nazarov headed the team of creators of the Master Plan for the Development of St. Petersburg 2005–2025. The purpose of the article is to disclose such aspects of his scientific activity, as a definition of the essence and scale of urban planning, managerial and substantive concepts of “city” and “agglomeration,” the goals of urban planning, the tasks of preserving and developing the architectural and urban heritage of Leningrad - St. Petersburg. These scientific directions were revealed in his articles and speeches in the 1970s and 2000s.

At the present stage, the task of forming an identical image of the urban environment has become relevant, capable not only of reproducing and preserving cultural and historical heritage, but also of introducing new modern characteristics of comfort, communication, and creating attractive objects integrated into the established structure of the historical settlement. In the article, the authors pay special attention to the role of environmental design, which can reanimate the historical context of the city, integrate modern achievements of interactive technologies into it, taking into account the fact that the basic component of the process of forming urban identity is the historical and cultural heritage of cities, materialized in objects of architecture, environmental design, landscaping and small forms.

The identification of the northern part of the Arkhangelsk region was formed due to the cultural heritage of the Pomors: their traditions of wooden construction, proximity to nature. This culture is best preserved in small towns and villages, but it risks being lost without proper support, which justifies the need to develop tourism in the region. The article develops a systematic approach to the formation of architectural solutions for tourist centers in the context of small towns and settlements in the north of the Arkhangelsk region in accordance with promising areas of tourism infrastructure development. The study was conducted on the example of the villages of Nenoksa and Vorzogory, historical, cultural, landscape and visual analysis of settlements was performed, on the basis of which promising sites for the creation of tourist centers were identified, architectural solutions for tourism facilities for various use scenarios were modeled, taking into account the context of the place.

The article presents a historiographical analysis of the category of the image of architectural space. The heterogeneity of characteristics depending on the field of knowledge actualizes the issue of the need to study and clarify the concept. The article presents an attempt at systematization, which allows us to look at the category in a comprehensive manner, taking into account the problem of different interpretations of the concepts of architectural science. The key points of view on the category are studied, and the main essential characteristics of the concept of the image of architectural space are identified. The prospects for studying the issue within the framework of the current problem of the relationship between concepts and categories in related scientific fields are outlined.

The article examines the architectural and urban planning features of the formation of campuses in modern Russian cities. The authors analyze the main trends and approaches to the design and construction of campuses, as well as their impact on the development of the urban environment. Special attention is paid to the issues of integrating campuses into the existing urban infrastructure, creating a comfortable and safe environment for students and teachers. The article presents a sociological survey of the teaching staff, which was conducted by the authors in Russian universities. The survey results will help to analyze the existing understanding of the country’s universities and draw conclusions for further research.

The article is devoted to the formation of universal urban planning tools for solving technical problems of urban planning in order to functionally and spatially develop urbanized territories. To solve the problem, the current urban planning regulations, electronic resources were used. The calculation was made in spreadsheets. The results of the study are the development and demonstration of working algorithms for electronic modeling at the scale of a residential quarter and a residential area. The scientific novelty of the article is based on the optimization and addition of the modern methodology of urban planning in the context of the integrated development of the existing development and functional-spatial planning of new territories. The use of this technique is possible in territories with the established urban waste.

The information technology revolution and the associated emergence of social networks have caused the phenomenon of fusion of the virtual and real worlds, and, accordingly, a radical change in the human environment. The modern city is turning into a hybrid space in which physical (tectonic) and intangible (virtual, digital) spaces are intertwined and crossed. The aim of the study was to identify the problems of implementing the “smart city” concept and the prospects for the development of “smart urban spaces” created and functioning based on information technology. The author expresses a critical view on the total implementation of the smart city concept and identifies obstacles to the “smart transformation” of cities: the high cost of digitalization of cities, the unpreparedness of the historically established urban structure and development, the unwillingness of part of society to use constantly updated technologies, and numerous applications are becoming serious.