Volume 4, Nº 2 (2022)

The article is devoted to an important problem for historical science, the situation of individual peasant farms in the pre-kolkhoz village and at the beginning of mass collectivization. The analysis of Russian and foreign historiography shows that scientists mainly study the issues of collectivization and dispossession. Less attention is paid to the state of individual farms during the socialist reconstruction of the village. Based on the materials of one of the largest regions of the USSR, an attempt has been made to fill this gap in historical science. The purpose of the article is to reveal the results of the state policy on the elimination of the private sector of the rural economy, first of all, the prosperous peasantry, the forced transformation of these rural residents into a special category of superfluous people in the construction of socialism. The object of the study was individual peasant farms, and the subject of their study was the dispossession: deprivation of political rights, non-economic impact, dispossession, repression of villagers. The article uses both general scientific methods and historical-genetic, comparative, statistical and other methods of historical research. Analysis of sources revealed a reduction in individual peasant farms in the Ural region, a sharp drop in their role in agricultural production, voluntary and forced entry of peasants into collective farms, dispossession, forced transfer of villagers to other social groups.

Labor productivity directly depends on the conditions in which the employee works. In this sense, it is relevant to study the historical experience of the influence of external and internal factors on the level of labor safety. This article attempts to analyze the state of labor protection, the specifics of industrial injuries and cases of occupational diseases during the Great Patriotic War on the example of a number of large defense industry enterprises of the USSR. The methodological basis of the study is the theoretical concept of «working history», elements of the institutional approach are also applied. The research problem is solved by introducing into scientific circulation and analyzing a new set of historical sources extracted from the archives of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. An increase in the discrepancy between the real state of the working conditions of workers and the legislatively fixed norms of labor protection was noted. The conclusion is made about the growth of injuries and accidents in extreme conditions of war. The reasons for such a negative trend were identified: the arrival of evacuated enterprises to unprepared sites, a decrease in the financing of labor protection measures in the context of a general shortage of resources, a change in the qualitative composition of the workforce, intensification of labor, weakening control over ensuring labor safety, a decrease in the value of human life in the public opinion of military society . It is shown that inspection checks and punishments for violations of safety rules during the labor process did not introduce qualitative changes in the working conditions of workers during the war years.

The article examines the process of creating a suburban agricultural zone around the industrial centers of the Soviet Union at the final stage of the Great Patriotic War, based on the materials of declassified resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. It is shown that the purpose of this direction of the agrarian policy of the USSR was to provide the population of industrial centers with potatoes, vegetables and dairy products. This required a change in the specialization of agricultural enterprises assigned to the suburban zone, which in those conditions it was not possible to do without the help of the state. Therefore, in 1944-1945 by the resolutions of the Soviet government, in a number of industrially developed republics and regions of the country, the mobilization of labor from collective farms to industry, construction and transport was prohibited, the debt of previous years on mandatory supplies was written off from agricultural enterprises, part of the land unsuitable for economic use was excluded from taxation, etc. Since 1945 in order to stimulate the production of potatoes, vegetables and root crops for the collective farms of the suburban zone, it was allowed to reduce the norms of mandatory grain supplies. As a result, milk production has significantly increased in a number of industrialized republics and regions of the country, such as the Bashkir ASSR, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and Chkalov regions, potato and vegetable crops have grown, which has improved the nutrition of the urban population.

Aim - to study the last 25 yeas dynamics in the system of Russian postgraduate education. The research is based on institutional analysis of the system of postgraduate education, as well as the resource approach in assessing the human potential of scientific personnel, postgraduate students and doctoral students. A comparative approach allowed us to analyze the dynamics of changes in the numbers, gender, age characteristics of researchers, doctoral students and graduate students for the last decades. Other methods used include analysis and systematization of statistical data, periodization method, analysis of theoretical sources, secondary analysis of sociological data. Results: the article presents the overview of Russian postgraduate education system evolution and analyses characteristics of its present state. The authors introduce their own periodization of the postgraduate education system development. The study presents human capacity, age and gender profiles of scientific personnel. The study reveals the trend in reducing the number of organizations providing postgraduate studies, as well as the decrease in the number of postgraduate and doctoral students and researchers. The authors came to the conclusion that the present situation is characterized by the contradiction between government regulation to the system of postgraduate education and its possibilities to ensure these requirements. The crisis in the system of Russian postgraduate education is evident. The presented results evaluate the process of training highly qualified educational personnel, the effectiveness of the institute of postgraduate and doctoral studies, as well as the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of scientific personnel in Russia. The data presented in the article will contribute to the development of the state educational policy and bring the process of training highly qualified educational personnel in accordance with the requirements and demand for highly qualified specialists in modern industry and science.

The article examines the institution of monopolies from the point of view of influence on world processes. The prominent Russian jurist P.S. Romashkin characterized the post-war era from the standpoint of strengthening militarism in Western states, expressed in a significant increase in the state budget, a significant part of which was military spending. P. S. Romashkin drew attention to the considerable role of the American-British monopolies in arming Hitler's Germany, which provided loans to create a powerful military industry, arming the Wehrmacht. The researcher argued that Hitler's Germany could not have resisted for so long if a number of cartel agreements between the largest American and German monopolies had not contributed to this. A striking example of the use of war to get out of economic decline was the role of American monopolies in unleashing a war against the Korean people.

The article is devoted to the scientific research of the famous Ural historian V.P. Motrevich. It briefly shows the formation of V.P. Motrevich as a researcher, characterizes the results of his early work in the field of agrarian history of the Urals. The article focuses on the analysis of the author's publications in the post-Soviet period, describes in detail the scientific results obtained by him and their practical use.

The collapse of the USSR entailed a large number of problems and uncertainties for millions of people around the world. One of the potential dangers posed by the consequences of the Belovezhsky agreements was the threat of nuclear proliferation. Kazakhstan was one of the four republics that inherited part of the Soviet nuclear arsenal. For many reasons, the US administration expressed a direct interest in nuclear disarmament of the young Central Asian republic and was ready to take a direct part in the process of nuclear disarmament of this country, which was also true of Ukraine and Belarus. Such determined intent and consistent action distinguished the White House's approach to disarmament of Kazakhstan from that of a number of other non-nuclear club countries, such as Israel and Pakistan. The legislative branch - represented by the US Congress - supported the administration in this matter, despite the traditional confrontation between the branches of government and the era of divided government under the administration of W. Clinton. The disarmament of Kazakhstan was a task for the United States that went beyond the interest of national security in its direct meaning. The purpose of the study is to identify the attitude of American congressional representatives to the topic of nuclear disarmament of Kazakhstan. Conclusions. The author concluded that the US Congress supported the presidential administration's efforts to nuclear disarmament Kazakhstan, but only in cases where the solution to this issue did not depend on American parliamentarians. Otherwise, there was no absolute consensus in Congress.

The purpose of the research. The article discusses the process of nation building in Turkey. The influence of nation-building on the transition of the Ottoman Empire to a modern nation-state is analyzed. The purpose of the research is to identify the influence of Turkism in the construction of the Turkish nation, emerging in the second half of the 19th century, and its influence on Chinese-Turkish relations. As grounds, the influence of foreign Turkic intellectuals and Turkish intelligentsia on the construction of the Turkish nation is highlighted. Results. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that Turkism does not fundamentally differ from Western ideas about nation building. It should be noted that the genesis of Turkism became entirely possible thanks to the borrowing of the methods of Western social science and the adoption of the principle of language as the most important. In the conditions of development, Turkism tries to use the principles of Orientalism and linguistics. However, in modern Turkey, Turkism/Pan-Turkism has always shown a tendency towards extremism that transcends the boundaries of the nation-state. The author concludes that dissatisfaction with the nation-state and self-identification makes pan-Turkism the desire of many people in Turkey to go beyond the territorial nation-state. A number of examples from the history of foreign policy have emerged and Ankara's repeated gross interference in China's internal affairs for diplomatic purposes.

In a short review, a description is given of a biobibliographic reference book dedicated to Professor B.V. Lichman. Boris Vasilievich Lichman belongs to the generation of Russian historians who worked for a long time at the Ural Polytechnic Institute, now UrFU. He made a great contribution to the industrial history of the Urals, developing a new methodology - a multi-conceptual history of Russia, which was implemented in a series of textbooks, methodological publications and articles. The review contains a description of his publications.