Vol 1, No 1 (2019)

The development of experimental models of ischemic stroke allowing for effective translation of results from animal studies to humans is an important task of modern neuropharmacology. Due to the fact that new drugs with neuroprotective properties that have shown activity in rodents most often turn out to be not effective enough in humans, the use of larger laboratory animals may become a viable solution. Among the latter, rabbits are the most accessible species for laboratories. Since they have gyrencephalic brains and a significant amount of white matter, they can be considered to be highly similar to humans. In the present review, we discussed the main methods of ischemic stroke modelling in rabbits. The breed, age and sex of the animals, anesthesia methods as well as criteria for functional state assessment after cerebral ischemia are the issues that should be addressed before the start of the study.

The article shows that all biotechnological processes consist of four stages which include the step of obtaining the biomass (micro-organisms), fitosyrya biomass (plants, lichens) and biomass from animal raw materials; obtaining the active pharmaceutical substance; obtaining the final dosage form; storage and sale of APS and SFS. The authors have proposed a unified and simplified process sequence that represents the life cycle of the production of APS and SFR, showing the potential risks. Introduction of the HACCP system at the same time to the GMP system allows the identification of CCPs and therefore to analyze the product and manage the risk only in the CCP. The authors have proposed a multi-level model of a complex of pharmaceutical quality system. It is necessary to emphasize that in all environmental conditions to obtain drugs should be carried out in strict compliance with GMP and HACCP system and under the strict control of all types of risk, and, in particular, be sure to microbiological risk.

On average, 60–70% of men and 25–40% of women suffer from various forms of hair loss on our planet. If we turn to WHO statistics, we can see that about 75% of Russians are more or less susceptible to baldness. The hair follicle is an appendage of the skin, a kind of mini-organ that cyclically changes throughout a person’s life. Periods of regeneration and rapid growth (anagen) alternate with periods of involution (catagen) and dormancy (telogen). As a rule, hair begins to fall out when the correlation between the number of hair follicles in different phases of development is violated. The occurrence of alopecia is associated with the influence of heterogeneous etiological factors, which further determine the pathogenesis of the disease and the clinical picture. The treatment of alopecia requires the use of a personalized approach to each patient. Both medicinal and cosmetic compositions are available for therapy in different dosage forms. At the same time, there remains a need for the search for new active pharmaceutical substances and the development of drugs based on them. However, in order to develop effective therapies, we need to reconstruct in detail the pathogenesis of alopecia on animal models. Then the extrapolation of the result human-animal-human will be accurate and problem-free, and the search for new means — successful.

Background: Latest studies have shown the remarkable ability of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, real-life data and the results of several other studies seem to contradict these outcomes, pointing out possibilities of serious side effects. Ketoacidosis (KA) remains one of the most dangerous complications, yet, not fully understood. All of the above urgently requires real-practice data, which may shed some light on side effects of this novel anti-diabetic drug family.

Aims: To investigate the real-life rates of hypoglycemia and ketosis (K) in SGLT2i treated patients, using Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) and capillary blood β-hydroxybutyrate measurements.

Methods: We report the results of a two-year retrospective analysis of 136 Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) patients, all (100%) treated with a SGLT2i, combined with Metformin or Metformin with Incretin-Based therapy (MT-IBT). CGM recordings were done in 52 persons. In 9 patients (Group A), CGM-proved hypoglycemic episodes were discovered. The rest of 43 patients (Group B) didn’t show any hypoglycemia. Three patients in Group A and 11 from Group B were also treated with small doses of basal insulin on admission; the insulin was later discontinued in all patients of Group A and seven patients of Group B . Main characteristics of two groups were subsequently compared.

Results: CGM data analysis showed significantly lower average Sensor Glucose (SG) , 7.2±1.3 vs. 8.2±1.7 mmol/l, p=0.04, and estimated HbA_{1c ,} 6.1±0.7 vs. 6.8±1.1%, p=0.02, in Group A patients.

We also report three cases of ketosis, proved by elevated capillary β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Pathophysiological link between frequent hypoglycemia rates (Six patients without insulin treatment (11.5 % in total CGM group of 52 patients)) and ketosis development (Three patients (2.2% in total cohort of 136 participants)) was suggested.

Conclusions: More frequent than previously reported rates of hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis were discovered in patients taking SGLT2 inhibitors. Pathophysiological link between the two conditions is assumed. More studies are needed to confirm our hypothesis.

The pharmacodynamic effects of the administration of α2-adrenergic agonists both in a monovariant and in combination with drugs of other pharmacological groups are considered. Based on analysis of safety nonclinical studies the characteristics of main physiological effects of α2-adrenergic receptors as well as physiological effects of α2-agonists on various organs and systems are presented. For the determination of tendencies and directions in research of central α2-AM (dexmedetomidine) the analysis of bibliographical data, accumulated and extracted from Medline database with 5 year time-filter (VOSviewer, 1.6.11 version) has been carried out. For the further research of central α2-adrenomimetics and their application in clinical practice the following perspective directions have been determined: the study of effects and mechanisms of cytoprotectant and antioxidant action, the study of the use of drugs in a monovariant and in combinations for the development of analgesic drugs, anesthesia and development of combined formulations with a delayed release of antagonists designed to mitigate side effects.

-

From the editors: Editorial Board "Formula Pharmacy" plans to make a contribution to the preparation and publication on its pages of essays about all the rectors of Saint-Petersburg chemical-pharmaceutical University from the beginning of its existence up to the present time about other scientists, especially the veterans who gave years of his life and work for the benefit of pharmaceutical science.