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Vol 22, No 1 (2024)
- Year: 2024
- Published: 27.04.2024
- Articles: 9
- URL: https://journals.eco-vector.com/RCF/issue/view/8486
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/RCF.11
Reviews
Natural deep eutectic solvents: promising agents for extracting substances from plant materials
Abstract
There is a growing trend to replace synthetic products or additives with natural alternatives. Historical experience and developments in human health science demonstrate the adverse effects of xenobiotics on human health and metabolism. The shift toward natural products is essential for enhancing vitality, social activity, and overall quality of life, while preventing adverse events and diseases. Industries such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food are increasingly turning to natural and biologically active chemicals isolated from plants or microorganisms. However, the primary challenge lies in developing effective and eco-friendly methods for their isolation. Deep eutectic solvents are a mixture of two or more components with unique properties like low volatility, low melting points, ease of preparation, cost-effective starting materials, and minimal toxicity to humans. They have gained popularity as environmentally friendly agents for extracting biologically active substances from medicinal plants and as safe alternatives for various industries, including food and pharmaceuticals. Traditional organic solvent extraction methods have several drawbacks, including long extraction times, safety concerns, environmental damage, high cost, and the need for large solvent volumes. This review summarizes research progress on the benefits of using deep eutectic solvents for extracting bioactive compounds, including phenolic acid, flavonoids, isoflavones, catechins, polysaccharides, curcuminoids, proanthocyanidin, phycocyanin, gingerols, ginsenosides, anthocyanins, rutin, and chlorogenic acids. Additionally, it examines the biological activity of these extracts, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor properties.
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Mechanisms of vibration-induced structural myocardial remodeling
Abstract
The review analyzes literature data on structural changes in the heart of patients with vibration disease, as detected by echocardiographic methods. Particularly, it highlights concentric remodeling of the left ventricle chambers and disturbances in diastolic function. The review also discusses a 1.2-fold decrease in heart structure intensity compared to healthy individuals (p < 0.05). Furthermore, it examines changes in morphometric and bioenergetic parameters of cardiomyocytes under different experimental vibration modes (7 and 56 sessions at a frequency of 8 Hz), confirming the disruptions in the relationship between the spatial configuration of the heart cavities, contractile ability, and energy supply potential. Loss of cardiac myofibrils represents the transition from myocardial hypertrophy to decompensation, accompanied by an increase in degenerative (dystrophic) signs such as the loss of sarcomeres in cardiomyocytes. Understanding these pathological (morphological) processes requires consideration of various mediators that regulate cell metabolism, proliferation, growth, and survival, including stromal interaction molecule, calcium ATPase of the endo(sarco)plasmic reticulum, inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor, protein that forms CRAC channels, and transient receptor potential canonical. The degradation system of the extracellular matrix, including matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors, plays a crucial role in structural cardiac remodeling. This system regulates the rate of mRNA synthesis on the DNA matrix by binding to specific DNA regions that control cardiac nutrition and plasticity. The review suggests that these findings can help explain some patterns of cardiac remodeling development in patients with vibration disease and determine the direction of pathogenetically based therapy. This therapy should consider not only the vibration-protective effect of drugs but also their ability to inhibit and regress myocardial remodeling.
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Problem questions of prevention and precising control of diseases associated with hypoxia
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the one of the main causes of death in the 21st century. Their rating is not expected to be decreased in the near future despite all the successes in the wide distribution and using of high-tech methods of treatment. This article is devoted to the problem of introducing fundamental recent discoveries into practical medicine as part of the development of preventive, personalized and precision medicine. The author considers not used mechanisms of endogenous adaptation, prevention and preclinical diagnosis of hypoxia-associated diseases in the clinic and concludes that introducing of a new marker of adaptation to visceral hypoxemia is perspective approach in therapy of the cardiovascular diseases.
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Role of key endocannabinoids and their receptors in breast cancer
Abstract
Breast cancer stands as the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Endocannabinoids and their exogenous analogs, e.g., tetrahydrocannabinol, exhibit antitumor effects in various animal models of cancer. However, several studies have shown that under certain conditions, treatment with cannabinoids can stimulate the proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and disrupt the immune system’s involvement in suppressing tumors. Additionally, conflicting reports exist regarding the antitumor role of endocannabinoid system in cancer. This review aims to consider the main mechanisms of action of key ligands and receptors of the endocannabinoid system within the context of breast cancer.
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Original articles
Dynamics of gonadotropin and thienopyrimidine derivative TP03 effects on ovulation and ovarian steroidogenesis in Follimag-stimulated immature female rats
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gonadotropin preparations, particularly human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), are commonly used to induce ovulation and treat reproductive disorders in women, albeit with associated side effects. Low-molecular-weight allosteric agonists of the luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), such as thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives, offer a potential alternative.
AIM: This study aims to compare the effects of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine TP03 and hCG on ovarian weight, corpus luteum formation, and plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone in immature female rats pre-treated with Follimag®. It also examines their impact on ovarian gene expression related to LHR and steroidogenesis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: TP03 and hCG were administered 48 h after the Follimag® injection at a dose of 20 mg/kg (i.p.) and 15 IU/rat (s.c.), respectively. Parameters were assessed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h after TP03 and hCG administration. Plasma hormone levels were measured via ELISA, and ovarian gene expression was analyzed using real-time PCR.
RESULTS: TP03 increased ovarian weight, progesterone levels in the blood, and expression of steroidogenic genes encoding the cholesterol-transporting protein StAR and the cytochromes CYP11A1 and CYP17A1. TP03 also stimulated corpus luteum formation (16–24 h after treatment). The temporal dynamics of its stimulating effects were similar to those of hCG, although their magnitude was slightly inferior to those of gonadotropin. TP03-induced decrease in blood estradiol levels and aromatase gene expression in the ovaries was also more moderate. Unlike hCG, which suppressed LHR gene expression 8 h after treatment, TP03 maintained a high LHR gene expression, preserving ovarian sensitivity to endogenous luteinizing hormone.
CONCLUSIONS: TP03 exhibits potential as an ovulation inducer with milder stimulating effects on ovarian steroidogenesis than hCG, which reduces the risks of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and resistance to gonadotropins.
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Effect of antorex, a new antagonist of orexin receptors, on binge eating in rats caused by weaning from the mother in early ontogenesis
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Research on the elements of food addiction in animal models shows that its manifestations are attributed to intermittent consumption of high-calorie foods. Chronic stress in ontogenesis can cause episodes of binge eating or dietary restrictions such as anorexia.
AIM: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a new orexin receptor antagonist antorex on binge eating in a rat model of maternal neglect.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mature male rats weaned from their mothers for 3 h after birth from days 2 to 12 received a high-carbohydrate diet every third day for 1 h for 45 days. Moreover, high-calorie food was placed within 5 cm of visual contact 15 min before feeding. Antorex, an orexin receptor antagonist, was administered intranasally at a dose of 1 µg/1µL for a total of 20 µL for 7 days.
RESULTS: Intermittent consumption of high-calorie food products induced binge eating in rats. The frequency of the signs of binge eating increased after chronic weaning stress. The consumption of standard briquette feed was not altered. Intranasal administration of both the orexin receptor antagonist antorex reduced the manifestations of food addiction in rats after maternal deprivation under conditions of intermittent consumption of high-calorie food compared with controls. Standard food intake did not differ relative to the control group both before and after аntorex administration.
CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest new ways to study and synthesize peptide drugs based on orexin and its antagonists for the correction of food addiction caused by chronic stress in ontogenesis.
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Pharmacological correction of experimentally induced osteoporosis complicated by type 2 diabetes mellitus
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis remains one of the most important medical problems worldwide with significant economic consequences. The development of new drugs based on unique biologically active compounds can contribute significantly to osteoporosis management.
AIM: To evaluate the osteogenesis processes by evaluating bone-remodeling markers in the blood serum during the treatment of experimental osteoporosis complicated by type 2 diabetes mellitus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed on an experimental model of osteoporosis, followed by the induction of type 2 diabetes mellitus, using biochemical methods to analyze markers of osteoporosis in the blood serum.
RESULTS: The results of the analysis of bone remodeling markers revealed that the antiosteoporotic activity of a composite preparation based on succinic acid salts is dependent on glucose metabolism disorders such as diabetes mellitus. The high efficacy of the new drug in monotherapy and combination with vitamin D3 in the activation of osteogenesis in experimental osteoporosis was balanced by impaired metabolic processes in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the dependence of the pharmacological effectiveness of the antiosteoporosis agent on metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, in female rats with experimental osteoporosis.
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Clinical pharmacology
Pharmacological efficacy and potential of the use of nitazoxanide, a thiazolide drug with a wide spectrum of action
Abstract
The article is devoted to the possibility and prospects of using nitazoxanide in a wide range of diseases. Based on literature data, the authors evaluate the pharmacological effectiveness and substantiate the potential of using nitazoxanide in bacterial, helminthic, protean, viral and oncological diseases. This information is of interest and can be used to decide on the need to conduct clinical trials of nitazoxanide in Russia. A systematic search for current information was conducted in four databases until December 1, 2023: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. The work included preclinical studies in vitro and in vivo, as well as randomized clinical trials comparing the pharmacological effectiveness of nitazoxanide and placebo. The broad-spectrum thiazolide drug nitazoxanide has antibacterial, antiprotozoal, anthelmintic, antiviral and antitumor activity. This is achieved through its pharmacological properties, namely: regulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis, cell proliferation and migration; activation of innate immunity; influence on the synthesis and activation of cell proteins, some of which are links in cellular signaling pathways; binding to proteins of viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths with disruption of their vital functions; immunomodulating effect by regulating the activity of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The article systematizes and summarizes current information on the pharmacodynamics of nitazoxanide, as well as the results of preclinical and clinical studies of the drug, and discusses further prospects.
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Probiotics: Review of the current state of the problem from the standpoint of clinical pharmacology and evidence-based medicine
Abstract
The use of antibiotics in the treatment of various diseases dramatically changes the quantitative and qualitative compositions of both pathogenic and symbiotic microbiota. Oral and parenteral use of antibacterial drugs affects and changes the quantitative and qualitative compositions of the intestinal microbiota, which subsequently entails changes in the cell development and long-term violations of physiology at all levels of functioning of the macroorganism. This study analyzed available data on modern probiotic drugs, which help improve the normal microbiota in the human body. The results revealed the undoubted effectiveness of various probiotics in acute and antibiotic-associated diarrhea and eradication of Helicobacter pylori.
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