Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases

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Peer-review bimonthly medical journal

Editor-in-Chief

Eduard K. Ailamazyan, MD, PhD, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Publisher

About

The Journal has been issued since 1887. It is the first scientific journal in Russia for obstetricians and gynecologists. For over a century, the Journal regularly covers the latest achievements of Russian science.

Journal of Obstetrics and Women's Diseases, a Gold Open Access journal, publishes six volumes per year. Additionally, the Journal will publish occasional special issues featuring selected papers from major conferences.

Journal Topics

Journal of Obstetrics and Women's Diseases is a scientific and practical peer-reviewed medical journal, which discusses the most pressing health issues:

  • reproductive health;
  • results of clinical and sociological research;
  • current problems in perinatal obstetrics;
  • issues of gynecological endocrinology, pregravid preparation, and family planning;
  • actual problems in operative gynecology;
  • diagnostics and therapy of reproductive tract infections;
  • advances in clinical genetics and prenatal diagnosis of hereditary and congenital diseases, immunology, and pathology;
  • new and important information and recommendations for the practical physicians (introduction of modern diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, the use of effective drugs, etc.);
  • impact of harmful environmental and production factors on the female reproductive system.

Journal Mission

The main mission of the Journal is to provide new scientific and technical information, to promote scientific knowledge, to help obstetricians and gynecologists to choose the best methods of diagnosis and treatment, and to help improve their skills.

The publications of the Journal are of interest to a wide range of scholars in the field of obstetrics, gynecology, reproduction, genetics, pathology, and immunology of reproduction, as well as for medicine and biology tutors and students.

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Vol 74, No 2 (2025)

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Original study articles

Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction: Analysis of Risk Factors and Basic Diagnostic Criteria
Akhmetova E.S., Mochalova M.N., Galeeva A.I.
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Symphysis pubis dysfunction is a pregnancy complication with significant statistical variations in incidence due to the lack of clear diagnostic criteria and overdiagnosis. One of the causes of this complication is excessive relaxin production, which induces structural changes in the fibrocartilaginous disc and resorption of the symphyseal margins. During normal pregnancy, this discrepancy is insignificant and amounts to 2–3 mm by the end of the third trimester; it is adaptive in nature, while facilitating the unimpeded passage of the fetus through the mother’s birth canal. However, if the pubic joint is excessively relaxed, it becomes unstable, with discomfort and lumbar or pelvic girdle pain appearing. To diagnose subluxation of the symphysis pubis, various provocative tests, echography, and radiography of the pubic joint are performed. However, the degree of discrepancy in the echographic picture rarely correlates with the severity of the clinical picture.

AIM: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for symphysis pubis dysfunction and assess its ultrasound diagnostic criteria.

METHODS: We analyzed 40 medical histories of pregnant women with symphysis pubis dysfunction and 50 medical histories of those without the pathology. Risk factors were assessed and ultrasound diagnostics of the pubic joint was performed in all women before and after childbirth using Voluson 730 and Logiq 9 expert-class devices in three-dimensional mode with the 5–10 MHz linear sensor.

RESULTS: Most women with symphysis pubis dysfunction were multiparous under 35 years of age. Primiparous women were only diagnosed with grades I and II dysfunction (100%), while 14% of multiparous patients were diagnosed with grade III dysfunction. In patients with symphysis pubis dysfunction, inflammatory diseases of the uterus and appendages, infertility, and polycystic ovary syndrome were more common gynecological pathologies and were detected in 47.5%, 35% and 27.5% of cases versus 14%, 4% and 10% of cases in the control group, respectively (p < 0.05). Grades II and III dysfunction was most often detected in pregnant women with overweight and obesity – in 91.7% of cases (p < 0.05). In all patients with grade I dysfunction, the fetal weight was up to 3,500 g, while in the study groups with grades II and III dysfunction, the baby weighed more than 3,500 g and was large in 66.6% of patients (p < 0.05). During ultrasound examination, 83.3% of patients with grades II and III dysfunction, along with diastasis, revealed symptoms characteristic of inflammation (p < 0.05), and 28% of pregnant women in the control group were diagnosed with pubic symphysis divergence that corresponded to grades I and II dysfunction — 85.7% and 14.3% of cases, respectively. At the same time, no clinical manifestations were detected.

CONCLUSION: Important risk factors for symphysis pubis dysfunction are metabolic and endocrine disorders, inflammatory diseases of the female reproductive organs, repeated childbirth, and fetal weight of over 3,500 g. Ultrasound criteria for diagnosing this condition are not reliable for grade I dysfunction.

Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases. 2025;74(2):5-10
pages 5-10 views
Integrative Processes Between Various Endocrine Subsystems and Some Paracrine Regulation Parameters in Pregnant Women With Isthmic-Cervical Insufficiency Depending on Fetal Sex and Their Clinical Significance
Botasheva T.L., Keller O.V., Lebedenko E.Y., Rymashevsky A.N., Palieva N.V., Zavodnov O.P., Khloponina M.D.
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Infectious and inflammatory diseases of the cervix and congenital undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia are known to be the main causes of functional isthmic-cervical insufficiency. Some patients who meet these criteria do not always develop isthmic-cervical insufficiency, and in their absence, on the contrary, they can do, which necessitates the search for additional prognostic factors. Of great importance in the pathogenesis of isthmic-cervical insufficiency is the hormonal arrangement and paracrine regulation that ensure gestational processes, which will differ due to varying fetal-maternal signaling modulated by fetal sex.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of the integration of various links in the hormonal profile and some paracrine regulation indices in women with isthmic-cervical insufficiency and normal pregnancy depending on fetal sex.

METHODS: The prospective part of this study included 1,629 women, who were divided into Group I (458 patients with functional isthmic-cervical insufficiency manifestation) and Group II (1,171 patients with normal pregnancy). The sex of the fetus was determined using genetic analysis (in the first trimester) and ultrasound examination (in the second and third trimesters). The levels of some steroid, placental and stress hormones, as well as melatonin metabolites, were measured using enzyme immunoassay. The incidence of isthmic-cervical insufficiency, other pregnancy complications and birth outcomes depending on fetal sex was studied based on 41,564 electronic outpatient cards of primiparous women with singleton pregnancies.

RESULTS: On average, over the entire gestation period, isthmic-cervical insufficiency was 4.5 times more common in pregnant women with a male fetus compared to those with a female fetus. Absolute levels of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, cortisol, and placental lactogen were higher in women with female fetuses, while progesterone levels were higher in women with male fetuses in both normal pregnancy and isthmic-cervical insufficiency. Free estriol levels in normal pregnancy were higher in women with female fetuses, while in isthmic-cervical insufficiency, they were higher in women with male fetuses. We found differences in the structure of correlation matrices in patients with isthmic-cervical insufficiency and patients with normal pregnancy, which were characterized by maximal information, differences in the strength of relationships and the structure of correlation pairs, as well as in the magnitude of correlation weights depending on fetal sex.

CONCLUSION: The data obtained expand our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of developing isthmic-cervical insufficiency and establish the male sex of the fetus as an additional factor in the formation of risk groups for this pathology. This may be aimed at further development of individualized approaches to gestational support, prognosis and prevention of isthmic-cervical insufficiency and preterm birth.

Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases. 2025;74(2):11-22
pages 11-22 views
Neuroendocrine Regulation and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Women of Reproductive Age of Different Ethnic Groups with Hyperandrogenic Phenotypes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Darenskaya M.A., Belenkaia L.V., Kolesnikov S.I., Sholokhov L.F., Danusevich I.N., Lazareva L.M., Nadeliaeva I.G., Kolesnikova L.I.
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome is considered a pressing problem that significantly reduces the quality of life of women. Patients with androgenic phenotypes of this disease are allocated to a special observation group for the development of metabolic disorders and related complications. It has now been proven that there are ethnic differences in the manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome, but its hormonal and metabolic aspects in representatives of the indigenous ethnic groups of Eastern Siberia have not yet been assessed. Understanding these processes will contribute to the personalization of the prevention and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome in reproductive age.

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine changes in the parameters of neuroendocrine regulation and oxidative stress in reproductive-age women of different ethnic groups with hyperandrogenic phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome.

METHODS: This study included 186 women of reproductive age (18–44 years old) living in the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia. Groups of women with polycystic ovary syndrome of Russian (n = 67) and Buryat (n = 27) ethnic groups and corresponding control groups (n = 68 and n = 24) were formed.

RESULTS: Both Russian and Buryat ethnic patients with polycystic ovary syndrome had elevated testosterone levels, free androgen indices, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels, as well as reduced sex hormone-binding globulin levels relative to the corresponding control values. At the same time, Russian patients also had increased anti-Müllerian hormone levels. Oxidative stress parameters in the group of Russian ethnic women with polycystic ovary syndrome were expressed by elevated retinol levels, while in Buryat ethnic women, they were expressed by increased values of thiobarbituric acid products, as well as reduced glutathione and α-tocopherol levels.

CONCLUSION: The data obtained indicate the presence of dramatic changes in neuroendocrine regulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, regardless of ethnicity. At the same time, compensatory shifts in the antioxidant defense system in women of the Russian ethnicity and activation of lipid peroxidation in patients of the Buryat ethnic group were revealed. The results also indicate the need to assess and control the levels of these metabolites in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, taking into account their ethnicity.

Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases. 2025;74(2):23-32
pages 23-32 views
Prenatal Screening Efficiency and Down Syndrome Incidence in St. Petersburg, Russia in the Years 2013–2023
Kascheeva T.K., Shabanova E.S., Chiryaeva O.G., Petrova L.I., Talantova O.E., Kogan I.Y.
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Prevention of birth defects in children is a pressing issue. The total Down syndrome screening detection rate depends on the exact adherence to the prenatal examination algorithm and the average age of pregnant women. The introduction of new technologies increases the efficiency of chromosomal abnormality detection during total screening.

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of organizational demographics on the frequency of births with chromosomal diseases, primarily Down syndrome, and to characterize additional factors to be taken into account when implementing a set of measures to prevent and avoid the birth of children with severe, uncorrectable and socially significant diseases.

METHODS: This study included the results of a survey of 2,083 women in case of pre- and postnatal diagnosis of chromosome 21 trisomy in St. Petersburg, Russia from 2013 to 2023. Statistical data processing was carried out using standard software.

RESULTS: We showed an increase in the average age of mothers and a decrease in the number of newborns in St. Petersburg over the specified period. The data on an increase in the efficiency of the prenatal diagnostics service were obtained, including using non-invasive prenatal testing for the group with an intermediate (from 1/101 to 1/1000) risk after combined screening. We also observed an increase in the timing of invasive diagnosis for prenatal karyotyping and the constant presence of a group of pregnant women who were not registered through city institutions and did not participate in preventive measures.

CONCLUSION: From 2013 to 2023, the average incidence of Down syndrome (diagnosed pre- and postnatally) increased from 1/412 to 1/258 newborns. In general, the effectiveness of prenatal diagnosis increased to 94%; however, it is necessary to strive to transfer invasive diagnosis to earlier pregnancy. The average incidence of newborns with Down syndrome remains stable (1/1231).

Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases. 2025;74(2):33-41
pages 33-41 views
Antibiotics or Antiseptics: What to Choose for the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis?
Minakova A.D., Dzhibladze T.A., Zuev V.M., Khokhlova I.D.
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Bacterial vaginosis is an imbalance of the vaginal microbiome that is characterized by a decrease in lactobacilli and an overgrowth of opportunistic anaerobic bacteria. Given the high prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and the problem of antibiotic resistance, there is a need to develop new treatment methods and optimize the use of existing drugs.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the sequential use of lactic acid with clindamycin or dequalinium chloride in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis in women of reproductive age.

METHODS: This study involved 127 women aged 18 to 45 years and diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis based on the Amsel criteria. The patients were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1 (34 women) received lactic acid; Group 2 (31 women) received clindamycin and lactic acid; Group 3 (32 women) received dequalinium chloride and lactic acid; and Group 4 (30 women) received clindamycin only. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed after 14 days based on the Amsel criteria. Three months post-treatment, complaints, vaginal discharge pH, amine tests and smears were analyzed if two or more Amsel criteria were present.

RESULTS: Two weeks after treatment, bacterial vaginosis symptoms persisted in 14.7% of women in Group 1, 3.2% of women in Group 2, and 13.3% of women in Group 4. Additionally, two weeks after therapy, vulvovaginal candidiasis was diagnosed in one woman (3.2%) in Group 3. Bacterial vaginosis recurrences three months after treatment were recorded in 6.9% of patients in Group 1, 3.3% of patients in Group 2, 6.5% of patients in Group 3, and 11.5% of patients in Group 4. In Group 2, one case of vulvovaginal candidiasis (3.3%) was also documented. The efficacy of lactic acid was 85.3% after 14 days and 93.1% after three months, while clindamycin demonstrated an efficacy of 86.7% after 14 days and 88.5% after three months. Combination therapy with clindamycin and lactic acid demonstrated an efficacy of 96.8% after 14 days and 96.7% after three months. Treatment with dequalinium chloride and lactic acid demonstrated an efficacy of 100% after 14 days and 93.5% after three months.

CONCLUSION: The data obtained confirm the high efficacy of the two-stage therapy using clindamycin with lactic acid and dequalinium chloride with lactic acid. This treatment method provides superior outcomes in terms of both cure rates and tolerability compared to traditional treatments. Given the growing resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics, the introduction of safe alternatives is particularly important, while offering new prospects for improving the treatment of bacterial vaginosis and enhancing the quality of life for patients.

Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases. 2025;74(2):42-49
pages 42-49 views
Retinol and Alpha-Tocopherol Levels in Women With Different Levels of Phosphatidylethanol in the First Trimester of Pregnancy
Nikitina O.A., Semenova N.V., Karacheva A.N., Novikova E.A., Marianian A.Y., Kolesnikov S.I., Bairova T.A., Belskikh A.V., Belyaeva E.V., Sambyalova A.Y., Ershova O.A., Kolesnikova L.I.
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Alcohol negatively affects the fetus, especially in the early stages of gestation. Ethanol promotes the formation of reactive species that are inactivated by the antioxidant defense system. Its important components are fat-soluble vitamins such as retinol and alpha-tocopherol. In this regard, the problem of optimizing the supply of these vitamins during pregnancy is extremely relevant. Both hypo- and hypervitaminosis can contribute to the development of pregnancy complications and the occurrence of fetal developmental abnormalities.

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess retinol and alpha-tocopherol levels in the blood of women in the first trimester of pregnancy depending on the level of the alcohol consumption biomarker phosphatidylethanol.

METHODS: This study included 167 women in the first trimester of pregnancy and 37 non-pregnant women of reproductive age. To identify the fact and amount of alcohol consumption, we performed a quantitative determination of phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1 in blood plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Depending on the phosphatidylethanol concentration, groups of women consuming different doses of alcohol were identified: Group 1 — phosphatidylethanol value ≤ 8 ng/ml (non-drinkers, n = 63); Group 2 — phosphatidylethanol value ranged from 8 to 45 ng/ml (drinkers of less than one dose, n = 68); Group 3 — phosphatidylethanol value > 45 ng/ml (drinkers of more than one dose, n = 36). The levels of retinol and alpha-tocopherol were determined by the fluorimetric method.

RESULTS: Both the alpha-tocopherol and retinol levels were higher in Groups 2 and 3 compared to the control values (p < 0.05). When compared to the group of non-pregnant women, the alpha-tocopherol level was lower in the groups of non-drinking pregnant women (p < 0.001) and those drinking less than one dose of alcohol (p = 0.012), with the retinol level being lower only in the group of non-drinking women (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: Even small doses of alcohol consumed by pregnant women affect the retinol and alpha-tocopherol levels, which can increase the risk of pregnancy complications and fetal abnormalities.

Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases. 2025;74(2):50-58
pages 50-58 views
Comparative Assessment of Morphological Features of the Gravid Endometrium in Fetal Loss
Tral T.G., Tolibova G.K.
Abstract

BACKGROUND: The use of assisted reproductive technology programs to overcome infertility in some cases continues to be the only way to have a child. Unfortunately, the frequency of reproductive loss reaches average values in the population. Endometrial dysfunction is the cause of the abnormal morphogenesis of the gravid endometrium transformation as a significant factor of reproductive loss in assisted reproductive technology programs and habitual miscarriage.

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the morphological features of aborted fetal tissue in non-developing pregnancies of the first trimester that occurred after the use of assisted reproductive technology and in habitual miscarriage.

METHODS: This study was conducted on 97 samples of non-developing pregnancy at 5–8 weeks of gestation. Histological examination was performed using standard methods. Immunohistochemical study to evaluate the expression of progesterone-induced blocking factor, stromal cell-derived factor-1, apoptosis-inducing factor, and endothelial marker was performed according to a standard procedure. Digital microscopy was performed on an Olympus BX46 microscope (Olympus Co., Japan) using cellSens 47 Entry software (Olympus Co., Japan). The expression of markers was calculated using the VideoTesT-Morphology 5.2 program (VideoTesT Ltd., Russia), followed by statistical analysis using the SPSS 23.0 (USA) and GraphPad Prism 9 (USA) software packages.

RESULTS: With incomplete gravid transformation of the endometrium, we verified a decrease in the expression of progesterone-induced blocking factor and stromal cell-derived factor-1 in the stroma and glands, and an increase in the expression of apoptosis-inducing factor in the glands. In the endometrial glands with full-fledged gravid transformation after IVF, the expression of progesterone-induced blocking factor was higher compared to non-developing pregnancy with habitual miscarriage. Similar data on the expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1 in the stroma and glands and CD34+ in the stroma of the gravid endometrium were obtained by statistical comparison of markers during full-fledged gravid transformation after IVF and habitual miscarriage.

CONCLUSION: A decrease in the expression of progesterone-induced blocking factor and stromal cell-derived factor-1 in the gravid endometrium leads to a loss of local immunosuppression and can cause reproductive loss regardless of the method of pregnancy. An increase in the expression of apoptosis-inducing factor in the glands of the gravid endometrium and CD34+ in the endometrial stroma after IVF and in habitual miscarriage indicate pathological activation of angiogenesis and apoptosis.

Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases. 2025;74(2):59-67
pages 59-67 views

Reviews

Mechanistic Insights into the Development of Fetal Growth Restriction Associated with Fetal Sex
Nikolaenkov I.P., Shakalis D.V., Sudakov D.S., Dymarskaya Y.R., Korneva D.A.
Abstract

Genetic and hormonal determinants not only define male and female fenotypes. Differences that occur from the early stages of embryogenesis can also cause normal and pathological phenotypic manifestations depending on fetal sex, as well as different predispositions to diseases in the future. Fetal growth restriction is one of the most common causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity in newborns that complicates a significant number of pregnancies. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the recent data posted on the eLibrary and PubMed platforms with reference to the relationship between the sex of the fetus and the development of fetal growth restriction. According to the available data, fetal growth restriction occurs more frequently in female fetuses than in male ones. This is because in pregnant women, the sex of the fetus determines its biological susceptibility to such risk factors for fetal growth restriction as gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, asthma, etc. In a male fetus, the developing placenta is primarily aimed at increasing fetal weight; while for a female fetus, the priority is on the multiple mechanisms that regulate immune protection, adaptability, and rapid response to modifiable adverse effects.

Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases. 2025;74(2):68-75
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Possibilities of Using Combined Hormonal Contraceptives in Female Athletes
Niauri D.A., Gzgzyan A.M., Dzhemlikhanova L.K., Abdulkadyrova Z.K.
Abstract

In Russia as well as all over the world, more and more women are systematically involved in sports. Female athletes are professionally mastering extreme sports, among other things. As is known, high-performance sports are characterized by excessive physical and psychological stress, which can cause dysfunction of various organs and systems. To denote the syndrome that combines disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis in women involved in sports, the concept of the female athlete triad was proposed, which was later supplemented by the relatively energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) syndrome. Intense physical activity combined with a lack of energy can lead to pronounced imbalances in hormonal status and basal metabolism, as well as dysfunction of the cardiovascular, immune, and other body systems. One of the modern directions to prevent the female athlete triad may be the use of combined hormonal contraceptives, which is a reliable method of contraception with additional positive effects on the condition of the female body under the influence of intense physical exertion.

This article discusses the pathogenetic mechanisms of the female athlete triad, the possibility of using combined hormonal contraceptives to prevent and correct adverse effects on the body, and their impact on athletic performance and the reproductive health of female athletes.

Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases. 2025;74(2):76-83
pages 76-83 views

Case report

Pierre Robin Sequence. A Rare Clinical Case
Gadzhieva P.K., Dikareva L.V., Borisova T.V., Savelyeva I.V.
Abstract

The incidence of fetal malformations has not shown a downward trend. Congenital malformations of the fetus often lead to perinatal mortality and disability of newborns. Fetal ultrasound is still the main method of diagnosing these defects. However, unfortunately, in some cases, anomalies are detected only in the neonatal period. This article describes Pierre Robin sequence, which is a congenital malformation of the maxillofacial region. The malformation is defined as a congenital anomaly characterized by the presence of glossoptosis, micrognathia, and airway obstruction, which leads to various complications. Early recognition and appropriate perinatal management are crucial for improving pregnancy outcomes. Clinical studies conducted in recent years have shown that early prenatal diagnosis and counseling of a geneticist are becoming increasingly important, especially for families with risk factors for having children with malformations. In addition, when comparing clinical cases and scientific data, attention is drawn to the fact that in all cases of children with Pierre Robin syndrome, respiratory failure (of varying severity) due to congenital pneumonia was noted.

Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases. 2025;74(2):84-89
pages 84-89 views
Reproductive “Tomorrow” Begins Today
Mochalova M.N., Erofeeva L.G., Erofeev B.B., Mozgovaya A.S.
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Abortion is one of the most significant medical and social factors that have a negative impact on women’s reproductive health and cause a decrease in fertility and an increase in reproductive loss, maternal mortality, and gynecological morbidity, thus exacerbating the challenging demographic situation.

AIM: The aim of this study was to draw up a medical and social portrait of a woman having an abortion and to identify factors that limit the birth of children for women and men.

METHODS: We conducted a medical and sociological survey using the questionnaire method in Google Forms for three groups of the Chita population. The main group (Group 1) consisted of 470 women aged 18 to 35 years who had not had an abortion. The comparison group (Group 2) included 75 women who had had one or more abortions in the past at the age of 15 to 46 years. Group 3 comprised 137 men aged 17 to 49 years. Statistical data processing was performed in the IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0.1 program. The χ2 Pearson criterion was used in the analysis of the qualitative feature of the study groups. The values were considered significant at p < 0.05.

RESULTS: More than half of the respondents in Group 1 were out of wedlock, so were a third of those who had an abortion in Group 2. Men in Group 3 tended to lack marriage. Prior to termination of pregnancy, the predominant use of barrier contraceptives was noted in Groups 2 and 3. The majority of respondents in all the study groups were informed about the consequences of abortion. The most common method of choosing termination of pregnancy was medication. In most cases, women were given a “week of silence” to think about a decision. Half of the respondents felt regret after termination of their pregnancy. Dissatisfaction with the procedure was noted by 38 patients. The leading factors in favor of termination of pregnancy in the study groups were as follows: unwillingness to have a child, poor financial support, and a difficult life situation. The presence of childfree individuals was revealed, the main reason for which is their dislike of children.

CONCLUSION: The main factors that limit the birth of children are the present unwillingness to have children (“delayed pregnancy”), low income and poor housing conditions, financial strain, as well as the presence of the childfree subculture. The provision of a “silence period” for women before abortion had no effect on the revision of reproductive plans.

Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases. 2025;74(2):90-97
pages 90-97 views

Historical articles

Evgeny E. Polotsky, the Head of the Central Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology From 1937 to 1943. Portrait Against the Backdrop of the Epoch
Sudakov D.S., Dymarskaya Y.R., Nikolaenkova P.I., Kogan I.Y.
Abstract

Evgeny E. Polotsky was one of the leading obstetricians-gynecologists and health care organizers of the first half of the 20th century in Russia. This article tells about his student years, first at Smolensk State University and then at Voronezh State University, and his development as an obstetrician-gynecologist, occurred with the emerging interest in scientific and pedagogical activities. The article briefly describes his dissertation “Autotransplantation of ovaries” for the PhD degree. E.E. Polotsky held senior positions with the Voronezh Medical Institute, including as director from 1932 to 1934. From November 1934, his professional career continued at the Central Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Leningrad, the USSR (currently the Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, St. Petersburg, Russia). From 1937 to 1943, E.E. Polotsky as director of the above institute was also engaged in the organization of Evacuation Hospital No. 1015, which assisted the population during World War II and the Siege of Leningrad. Later, on January 10, 1943, in order to carry out a special assignment for the Leningrad Front, E.E. Polotsky left Leningrad for the active army. There he headed the Evacuation Hospital No. 283 of the Central Front, was the chief gynecologist of the Southern Front, then the 4th Ukrainian Front, and from January 1944 to May 1945, he was the chief gynecologist of the Belorussian-Lithuanian Military District. E.E. Polotsky completed his service with the rank of lieutenant colonel of the medical service in April 1945. After being discharged from the army and returning to Leningrad, he continued working at the Central Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology as a senior research fellow at the Department of Operative Gynecology.

Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases. 2025;74(2):98-107
pages 98-107 views