Vol 69, No 4 (2020)

Correspondence of the quality of drugs in terms of «Sterility» guarantees the safety of the use of drugs for injection and infusion, eye drops and films, pharmaceutical substances and excipients, including biological drugs and their solvents, which must be sterile in accordance with regulatory documents and pharmacopeia articles. In the article, the authors consider the necessary conditions for the organization and conduct of the sterility test of drugs. The creation, operation and maintenance of the described conditions is in the area of responsibility of production, control and expert microbiological laboratories. Among the necessary conditions, the following are highlighted: a special aseptic room with a certain confirmed purity class; microbiological monitoring; proven sterility of all consumables, solutions and culture media used; test methods used with proven applicability. Actively discusses the issue that arises when a contaminated sample is detected. The revealed fact requires an investigation of the causes of the situation and a possible further recognition of the drug as poor in terms of «Sterility». The materials are included in the draft General Pharmacopoeia Monograph «Conditions for determining the sterility of drugs», which is currently under consideration and approval in the prescribed manner for further inclusion in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation.

Introduction. The Internet takes leading positions in the ranking of information sources for physicians and pharmacy workers. This «dependence» of medical and pharmaceutical workers on the Internet creates new marketing opportunities for pharmaceutical companies. Digital marketing, a relatively new area, emerges in the pharmaceutical industry. Digital marketing is a powerful tool in informing medical and pharmaceutical workers about drugs, but it can also play a negative role when used for misinformation and misleading. Objective: to analyze the composition and contents of digital channels used to promote drugs in the Russian pharmaceutical market. Material and methods. The authors analyzed scientific publications and regulatory acts on the circulation of medicines, 13 specialized professional on-line resources, 50 websites of pharmaceutical manufacturers, 30 profiled specialized groups in the social networks, and 30 brand platforms. They used methods, such as content analysis, generalization, and systematization. Results. The authors compiled a list of 13 digital channels and described the features of using a certain category of digital promotion channels depending on the target audience and the degree of dispensing regulation. It was found that there were no clear and understandable mechanisms for verifying the information obtained through digital channels. This can contribute to irrational prescription and recommendation of drugs and increase treatment costs for patients or cause undesirable adverse reactions. Conclusion. During digital promotion, there is a risk of misinformation for ultimate drug users.

Introduction. According to the latest data, in the Kyrgyz Republic, there is currently a high prevalence of male genital tract disease and a progressive increase in the number of its cases. At the same time, the availability of drugs recommended for the treatment of urological diseases in accordance with recognized international clinical guidelines and the extent of the provision of the population with the drugs have not been studied to date. Objective: to carry out a marketing analysis and to study the provision of the Kyrgyz Republic's population with the medicines proven to be efficient and safe for treating uroandrological diseases. Material and methods. The authors carried out a marketing analysis of data on the registration and import of pharmacotherapeutic agents using INN (international nonproprietary names) of drugs and group names, as well as the ATC (anatomical and therapeutic chemical) classification of the medicines GO4:GO4B Urological drugs and GO4C Prostatic drugs. They also performed an ABC/VEN analysis of uroandrological drugs purchased by healthcare facilities in the Kyrgyz Republic, by using the statistics from the National Urology Center, Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic. Results. The findings suggest that despite the large number of available drugs (51 molecules) recommended by the WHO for the prevention and treatment of diseases; in the Kyrgyz Republic there are 8 practically available molecules, while 12 are officially registered; 48 names of drugs are the extracts of medicinal plants and the prostate, questionably effective and safe drugs that are not recommended by EAU (2018). Moreover, andrological medicines are prescription (57.4%) and oral (87%) ones. The drugs are mainly delivered by manufacturers of Germany, India, and Russia. Conclusion. Based on the foregoing, it is necessary to conclude that despite the available large number of drugs (51 molecules) recommended by the WHO for the prevention and treatment of uroandrological diseases; in the Kyrgyz Republic, 8 molecules are physically available, while 12 molecules are officially registered. Forty-eight names of medicines are the extracts of medicinal plants and the prostate; questionably efficient and safe drugs that are not recommended by EAU (2018). According to the ABC/VEN analysis, ABC purchases made in the first half of 2019 at the Urology Hospital, National Urology Center, National Hospital of the Kyrgyz Republic, are not feasible and rational.

Objective. Estimate yearly treatment cost of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) from payers' perspective and its influencing factors. Method. A cross-sectional descriptive study has been conducted based on real-world evidence from Thu Duc district hospital from January 2017 to April 2018. Cost of T2DM was estimated based on payers' perspective and included direct medical, direct non-medical and indirect costs. Result: Analyzing the sample of 206 patients with men: women rate of 1: 2.81 and mean age of 61.76±9.74, it has been shown that the average costs of T2DM per patient was accounted for US $ 1,038.3 (95% CI 951.4-1,125.2) with high proportion for direct costs (93.7%) and drugs cost (68.4% of direct medical costs and 60.6% of total costs). Costs per patient with complication was accounted for US $ 1,677.2 (95% CI 1,541.3-1,813.1), which is higher than those without complications (US $ 306.3 (95% CI 295.7-316.9)). Patients with comorbidities incurred higher average cost than those without them (p<0.05). Patients with previous inpatient hospitalization for T2DM or longer number of years for treating T2DM incurred higher cost (p<0.05). Patients with more risk factors or high HbA1c level also incurred higher costs (p<0.05). Conclusion: The average cost of T2DM was reported an estimate of US $ 1,038.3; in which average cost for patients with complication was 5 times higher than those without complication. HbA1c level, comorbidities and complication were the first 3 factors influencing average cost of T2DM.