Vol 17, No 6 (2019)

This article provides a modern analysis of the literature on the mechanisms of activation of mast cells (MC) because they are regulatory cells that make up an important part of the immune system and are part of the first line of defense against various pathological agents. The important role of MC in anaphylactic response and allergy was proved, but there was evidence that mast cells participate in a wider range of pathologies. Ischemic/reperfusion(I/R) injury triggers an inflammatory response and triggers a tissue damage/repair program known as immune control. The unique location of MC around the microcirculatory vessels makes them potentially the first link in response to early and specific I/R injury by releasing MC mediators. Multifunctionality and heterogeneity are the distinctive features of MC acquired as a result of different adaptations during phylogenesis. Thus, these important functions of MC, which may differ depending on the tissues in which they are located, and the various effects inherent in them during I/R are a topical issue today. This review provides a literature analysis on the role of MCs in I/R injury of myocardium, brain, kidneys, and internal organs or systems. The understanding of the mechanisms and the role of the MCs in I/R injury can help in the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at protection against specific damage.

Introduction. Visceral obesity is a key factor in the development of metabolic syndrome, which can lead to early disability and lower quality of life. The body mass index, which is widely used as a method of diagnosing obesity, does not allow for the differentiation of visceral fatty tissue. Radiation-based visceral obesity diagnostic methods, which are the gold standard, cannot be used as a screening method due to radiation exposure and high costs. Therefore, there is a need for early diagnosis of visceral obesity, which can be used in outpatient care. Objective. To develop a non-invasive method of early diagnosis of visceral obesity in children and adolescents. Methods. The study was conducted among children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years (n=1914). A complex examination was carried out on everyone, including anthropometry and analysis of body composition by Inbody 770. A group of patients with and without visceral obesity (n=227) was identified among those studied (n=210). From both groups, the examined patients (n=88) were randomly selected for a CT scan to determine the visceral fat area. The data obtained were used by the IBM Watson cognitive system to build a multivariate statistical model of the decision support system. Results. A model for screening visceral obesity among children and adolescents was obtained, comparable in accuracy to CT (Sensitivity 91%, specificity 80%.).Conclusion. The obtained model for screening visceral obesity among children and adolescents can be used for the annual medical examination, as it is easy to use, has an accuracy comparable to CT, but lacks its drawbacks, such as radiation exposure, high cost, inability to use outpatient.

Introduction. Dyes have long been successfully used in medicine as exogenous chromophores to increase the effectiveness of the interaction of light with biological tissues, as contrast agents and photosensitizers in diagnosis and photodynamic therapy. At present, the current area of medicine is the development of methods for photodynamic therapy, both for the treatment of cancer pathologies and for antibacterial anti-inflammatory procedures, which can effectively influence resistant strains of microorganisms. The aim of the study. The work is devoted to the determination of the effective diffusion coefficient of the preparation Rivanol in the human buccal mucosa in vitro using the method of optical spectroscopy of diffuse reflection with the usage of the model of free diffusion. The active ingredient of the pharmaceutical preparation Rivanol is ethacridine lactate - acridine low toxic dye with antiseptic and photosensitizing properties, the solution of which has absorption bands in the UV/visible range of320-450 nm, as well as fluorescence in the green. Methods. In this work, the determination of the effective diffusivity of Rivanol in biological tissue was based on measuring the kinetics of changes in the diffuse reflectance spectrum and estimating the effective optical density when fitting experimental data using the equation obtained from the second Fick law and the Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law. Results. For the first time, an effective in vitro diffusion coefficient of Rivanol in human buccal mucous was detected, which on average (n=6) accounted for (2,36+0,73)-Ш7cm2/s. Conclusion. This value correlates with the published data for the diffusion coefficients of other dyes in the skin dermis and the pathologically changed mucosa of the maxillary sinus of a volunteer. The results can be used for the development of modern methods in medicine, combining diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, which are now known under the general name - theranostics, as well as clinicians to develop sound protocols for photodynamic therapy, eliminating the trauma due to laser effects.

Introduction. At present, signaling pathways involved in the development of innate and adaptive immune responses and comprising, inter alia, the interaction of pattern-recognizing receptors, such as TLR, with antimicrobial peptides associated with inflammation, proliferation, production of cytokines and chemokines, are actively studied. Among them, there is f-defensin, the localization of which in rat colon tissue and expression changes under bacterial endotoxemia are still poorly understood. At the same time, an important problem in the study of neuroimmune interactions is to reveal potential relationships between the production of endogenous defensins and TLR expression, in particular, by enteric neurons. The aim of the study. In the present study, we investigated the localization of f-defensin-1 (rBD1) in rat colon tissue under normal conditions and on the model of bacterial endotoxemia induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results. By means of immunohistochemistry, we have shown rBD1 to be mainly localized in the submucous layer of the rat colon and characterized by constitutive and inducible expression. Bacterial endotoxemia provides a statistically significant increase in rBD1 expression after 6 hours and 24 hours following LPS administration. Conclusion. Despite the lack of convincing data verifying the expression of f-defensin-1 by enteric neurons, we cannot exclude endogenous inducible defensins upregulation following LPS administration through signaling pathways associated with TLR4, which is expressed by rat colon sensory neurons.

Introduction. Leiomyomas also called fibroids, is the most common benign gynecological tumor in premenopausal women. The complex pathogenesis shows multiple biogenetical and multifactorial aspects to influence the etiology and growth of leiomyomas. A clinical and morpho-immunohistochemical study of 40patients aged from 25 to 43 years with diagnosed uterine myoma was conducted. As a result, the presence of two variants of the development of myomatous nodes as simple fibroids and proliferating fibroids in the reproductive age was confirmed with the latter to be more prevailed. The myomatous node arising from progenitor muscle cells of the vascular wall is characterized by increased expression of p53 protein in women over 36 years, high expression of growth factors (VEGF and VEGFR), the formation of a capillary network and low apoptosis, which causes their rapid growth (proliferating development). The aim of the study. To study the correlation of expression of p53, type II collagen, VEGF and VEGFR in biopsy specimens of intact myometrium in women of different age groups. Methods. Immunofluorescence and morphometric analysis of p53 proteins, type II collagen, VEGF and VEGFR using Olympus FV1000. Results. The average area of p53 protein expression in the second group was higher (p>0,05) and amounted to 6,3±2,74, while in the first group it accounted of 5,0±2,14. VEGF and VEGFR levels were statistically significantly (p<0,05) higher in proliferating myomas in women from the first group (VEGF - 23,51±6,97%; VEGFR - 26,31±4,11%) if compared to the second group (VEGF - 5,75±2,39%; VEGFR - 9,29±1,85%). In the study of type II collagen, the expression area in the first group (3,23±1,83%) was twice less if compared with the second group (7,37±3,95%). The expression of the investigated marker in terms of optical density had a similar tendency. Conclusion. The revealed features of proliferation, apoptosis, and neoangiogenesis indicate new aspects of pathogenetically substantiated therapy for uterine fibroids. It becomes possible to develop drugs that contribute to the inhibition of the processes of proliferation, neoangiogenesis, and stimulation of apoptosis. Apparently, this group of drugs will occupy an important place in therapeutic agents for conservative treatment at the initial stage of the development of myomatous nodes in young women.