Vol 20, No 4 (2022)

The pathology of the respiratory organs is the leading one in the structure of the general human morbidity. Every year the number of diseases of the respiratory system increases, and the associated mortality increases in parallel. The study of the causes and mechanisms of development of lung pathology, as well as the development of adequate methods for diagnosing, treating and preventing diseases of the respiratory system, carried out at the molecular and cellular levels, is not only an important, but also an extremely urgent task of biomedicine. As is known, the violation of homeostasis between cell proliferation and apoptosis leads to inflammatory changes and/or fibrosis of the lung tissue. The purpose of this review was to systematize scientific data on the expression of kisspeptins and their function in the pathology of the respiratory system. Material and methods. The expression of kisspeptins and their receptors was analyzed in pulmonary fibrosis, bronchial asthma, and non-small cell lung cancer. In addition, the role of kisspeptins in the development of the body’s immune response to viral infections in the cells of the ciliated epithelium of the upper respiratory tract has been shown. Conclusion. More and more data from modern studies demonstrate the involvement of kisspeptins and their participation in the regulation of the cell cycle, limiting cell metastasis, and other processes.

Cellular senescence is a reaction of cells to damage, which consists in a full stop of the cell cycle, changes of the signaling pathways and secretory activity associated with aging. Regardless the inducing factor, cellular aging of different types have a similar morphological and molecular profile. The purpose of this review was to systematize scientific data on the molecular and morphological mechanisms of cellular aging. Material and methods: the main foreign and domestic sources were analyzed using the PubMed/Medline, RSCI/elibrary databases. Conclusion: The short-term persistence of biologically active substances, secreted by senescent cells, promote cell proliferation and regeneration of organs and tissues. The long-term presence of these cells, on the contrary, contributes to the inhibition of cell proliferation and synthetic activity, maintaining the pro-inflammatory environment. It negatively affects the structure and function of tissues and leads to chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, osteoarthritis and others, as well as oncology. The senescent cells detection in tissues is difficult due to the lack of morphologic features of these cells in standard light microscopy. It requires complex histochemical and immunohistochemical studies with several antibodies. Nowadays, various methods of regulating the number and secretory activity of senescence cells are studied. Two main directions include senolytic andsenomorphic therapy. The first is aimed at the selective initiation of apoptosis in senescent cells, the second is aimed at reducing the synthetic activity in them. Different types of cellular senescence have similar morphological, biochemical and molecular features and pronounced effect on tissue structures. Deepening the knowledge about cellular senescence will allow developing universal pathogenetic drugs for the prevention and treatment of many diseases with persistence of cells with the senescent phenotype.

Introduction. Stomach cancer in Russia occupies the 4th place among most frequent malignant neoplasms, after tumors of the lung, breast and colon. The search for new diagnostic and prognostic markers of this pathology is an urgent task of modern molecular oncology. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the content of soluble forms of galectin-3, haptoglobin, as well as pro-angiogenic molecules VEGF, sVEGFR1 and sVEGFR2 in patients with gastric cancer. Material and methods. The study included plasma and serum samples from 60 patients with gastric cancer and from 32 healthy donors. The concentrations of galectin-3, haptoglobin, as well as VEGF, sVEGFR1 and sVEGFR2 were determined using ELISA. The Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the statistically significant differences in independent groups. Correlation analysis was performed using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Overall survival was analyzed by constructing survival curves using the Kaplan-Meier method. Differences were considered statistically significant atp<0.05. Results. The data of a complex comparative study of the content of soluble forms of galectin-3, haptoglobin, as well as VEGF, sVEGFR1 and sVEGFR2 are presented. The diagnostic significance of galectin-3 and haptoglobin was determined. The study showed that the content of galectin-3 and haptoglobin was statistically significantly lower in the group of healthy donors compared to patients with gastric cancer. Further we showed that the content of galectin-3 and haptoglobin is associated with the localization of the tumor in the stomach. Statistically significant correlations were found between the soluble forms of some of the studied markers, indicating the presence of independent mechanisms of their regulation in gastric cancer, which may explain the ambiguous clinical significance for this type of tumor. Conclusion. The results will help to better understand the biology of gastric cancer and improve the efficiency of its diagnostics and therapy.

Aim of the study was to evaluate the activity of receptors that control contraction (α2-adrenergic receptor, purine P2X1 and P2Yreceptors, angiotensin AT1 receptor, TxA2 receptor) and relaxation of smooth myocytes (adenosine A2 receptor) during standard lithokinetic therapy (LCT) in patients with localization of small (<6mm) stones in the middle third of the ureter. Material and methods. The study was prospective and included 17 patients with ineffective elimination of small stones during 9 days of standard LCT. Analysis of the receptors activity that modulate ureteral motility was performed in vitro on a platelet suspension. The following agonists were used: ATP, ADP, adenosine, epinephrine, angiotensin-2 (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Germany). Platelet aggregation was assessed by the turbidimetric method on a ChronoLog analyzer (USA). Results. At the stage of hospitalization of patients (before the start of LCT), hyperreactivity of the angiotensin ATt receptor, purine P2Xj and P2Yreceptors, α2-adrenergic receptor, TxA2 receptor and adenosine A2 receptor was revealed. This reflects the presence of signal transduction in nephrolithiasis, which is capable of modulating the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle tissue of the ureter. After 3 days of LCT, intracellular signaling is characterized by hyperreactivity of the ATt receptor and normoreactivity of the a2 adrenoreceptor, P2Xj receptor, and P2Yreceptors; The revealed relationship of the AT1 receptor with the α2-adrenergic receptor and P2Xt receptors does not provide an increase in ureteral motility. After 6 days of LCT, insufficient contractile activity of the muscular layer may be associated with limited activation of the α2-adrenergic receptor, as well as a weak interaction of the ATt receptor with purine P2X1 and P2Y receptors. After 9 days of LCT, the violation of the traffic of small stones in the ureter is associated with desensitization of the α2-adrenoreceptor and P2X1 receptor, as well as hyperreactivity and interaction of the AT1 receptor and P2Y receptors. Conclusion. The variability of intracellular signaling in case of ineffective elimination of small calculi from the middle third ureter is determined by the influence of nephrolithiasis pathogenesis factors and the low specificity of LCT in relation to the processes of contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle tissue.

Dipeptides are physiological products of protein degradation and informational molecules. Asp-Pro, Asp-Ala, Glu-Ala peptides have geroprotective, reparative properties. The aim of the work is to evaluate the effect of the Asp-Pro, Asp-Ala и Glu-Ala peptides on the development of organotypic tissue culture (bronchi, vessels, brain subcortical structures)in young and old rats. Material and methods. Tissues for organotypic cultivation of bronchi, vessels, brain subcortical structures were obtained from young (2-3 months) and old (18-20 months) Wistar rats. Results. Asp-Pro peptide stimulated cell growth in bronchi tissues of young and old animals. Asp-Ala peptide activated cell proliferation in vessels tissues of young and old rats. Glu-Ala peptide had a stimulating effect on the brain subcortical structures tissue of young and old rats. Conclusion. Asp-Pro, Asp-Ala, Glu-Ala peptides have effects on corresponding tissues obtained from animals of different ages. This indicates the possibility of base formation for working of preparations, including the geroprotective, perfecting the functional activity of bronchi, vessels, brain subcortical structures.