Vol 20, No 5-3 (2018)

Results of a research of post-fire communities of the Olekminsky district of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic are presented in article. The Pacific Ocean - Eastern Siberia oil pipeline passes through the territory of the Olekminsky district, and research has been carried out on the burned area as part of a complex expedition. In terms of forestry, the study area is sufficiently studied, from the 1950s to the 1980s of the last century, systematic stationary studies of forests and mountain areas of South-Western Yakutia were carried out. But after the 1980th years due to the inaccessibility of the area, studies were not conducted. Researches are conducted in the route way on the site 200 km long on the highway 1594-2017 km. The study revealed a general picture of the current state of reforestation of burned in the forests of South-Western Yakutia. All set of descriptions was divided into stages of post-fire succession accepted for middle taiga Yakutia. The analysis of the constancy of plant species by stages of succession: initial, shrub, birch, late. An analysis of vegetation restoration by tiers (forest stand, shrub, grass-shrub, and moss-lichen) was carried out. It is revealed that each stage of a post-fire succession is characterized by existence in composition and structure of a vegetable cover of particular communities of plants. They gradually are replaced by species of plants, more characteristic of that forest vegetation situation, with particular life cycles and ecology. Reforestation on the burned areas of the Olekminsky district occurs similarly according to the scheme adopted for larch forests of the middle-taiga subzone.

The paper is devoted to the problem of bacterial pollution of reservoirs of urban territories. Test system for the bioassay of bacterial contamination of natural reservoirs and an assessment of the ecological status of the reservoirs of Samara city is developed.

The paper is devoted to functional diversity of microbial communities in peat soils of forest-tundra peatland studied by the method of multi-substrate testing. In profile metabolic activity changes of prokaryote communities in permafrost peats have been identified. Amount of assimilated carbon sources, their consumption intensity, metabolic activity of microbial associations differ among the active layer (AL), permafrost layer (PL), and on the border between these two layers. Upper AL (0-4 cm deep) includes remnants of Dicranum mosses, lichens of the Cladonia, Cetraria, Flavocetraria genera, fragments of Betula nana L., Ledum decumbens L., Empetrum hermaphroditum L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. leaf blades, shoots, and roots. It is best-warmed in summer and is marked through a high functional diversity (the Shannon index H=4.63) and metabolic activity (W=2472) values. Downwards at a depth of 4-10 cm, bacterial communities decrease in functional diversity (Н=3.33) and seven-fold in metabolic activity (W=727) though concentration of revivable (with save membrane) bacterial cells is similar to that in upper AL (1.04±0.13 and 1.67±0.20 milliard/g a.d.s., relatively). The in-between layer (47-55 cm deep) includes weakly-decomposed remnants of Sphagnum mosses with excessive moisture content (360±18%) and high actual acidity (рНwater=3.85±0.10). It contains few revivable prokaryotic cells (0.56±0.19 milliard/g а.d.s.), marks through a low functional diversity (Н=2.41) and metabolic activity (W=363) values. In spite of ice condition, the PL sections (55-115 cm) are characterized by a relatively high content of bacteria with save cell membrane (1.48-1.82 milliard/g а.d.s.) which is similar to that in upper AL. Natural cryo-conservation of prokaryotic life vitality in PL responds for a high functional diversity of microbial communities (the Shannon index H=4.37-4.51) and metabolic activity (W=1556-2108) values after defrosting. Microbial communities in AL and PL greatly differ by both quantity and qualitative composition of organic carbon assimilated sources. The difference is most prominent in case of in-between peat layer. Microbial communities in this layer and taken from depth of 4-10 cm are highly instable systems (d>1). Bacterial communities at depths of 0-4 and 55-115 cm are comparatively stable and resistant to critical situations due to high functional diversity.

In article results of studying of a biodiversity of young trees of the birch forest are given in the Republic of Mari El. The age of forest stands was 60-65 years. During work studied floristic structure, occurrence assessment was carried out, determined the average height and diameter of young trees. Made their recalculation for definition of characteristics of young trees, on platforms on 4 m2 two cross tape transects of 1 m of width. Analysis of the results showed that all of the undergrowth consists of a population of 10 species of woody plants: Acer platanoides L., Tilia cordata Mill., Picea x fennica Regel Kom., Quercus robur L., Ulmus glabra Huds., Populus tremula L., Betula pubescens Ehrh., Betula pendula Roth., Abies sibirica Leb., Pinus silvestris L.. Under the canopy of the forest is the most intense renewal of shade-tolerant broadleaf species - Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata, Ulmus glabra. Light-loving species - Betula pendula and Pinus silvestris - found only in the “windows”. According to the density of undergrowth on all plots refers to the “rare” category. Stem diameter and height of the plants that make up the undergrowth depend on the type of plant and from phytocenosis in which they grow. The diameter of the stem regrowth in different species varies from 0.6 to 6.8 in aspen see Finnish spruce. Plant height ranged from 0.6 m to 4.6 m. The height and diameter are correlated with the occurrence. The diameter of the trunk in different species of undergrowth varies from 0.6 in Populus tremula to 6.8 cm in Picea x fennica. Plant height ranged from 0.6 m to 4.6 m. The height and diameter are correlated with the occurrence. In most cases, the undergrowth in the studied sample areas is classified as “large”.

The results of the floristic classification and dynamics of grass subhalophytic (slightly saline) communities of an ass. Agrostio stoloniferae-Beckmannietum eruciformis common in the floodplain of the Desna River in the Bryansk region. Installed 3 subassociations and 6 options. To study the dynamics of communities, descriptions from 1984 to 2018 were used, made in key areas. Two factors affect the community of association: flood xerophilization due to the lack of flooding, and in some areas intensive grazing. Communities of association variants are assessed as allogeneic succession stages, formed by a gradient of humidity or with intensive grazing.

Article devoted to specially protected area of local level - «Lake Beloe (White)». The lake is located in 2 kilometers to the west of Butovo village and 8 kilometers of Pistsovo village of the Komsomolsk district of Ivanovo region. It is an extant lake of large lacustrine-marshy complex the Large Pistsovskoe morass, which was developed by peat extraction. The lake has a mixed origin, the water-erosional processes influenced on the forming of lake. The lake is small, it’s 325 meters of long and 200 meters wide, the square of water surface is 5 hectares. The maximum depth is 4.7 meters, there are shallow sectores of 1-1.5 meters depth. The bathymetric scheme of bottom is presented. The structure of soils and relief of the lake’s banks are briefly characterized. The plant communities of the specially protected natural area are described. To 2018 the flora contains 87 vascular plant species from 5 divisions, 6 classes, 35 families, 59 genera and 11 mosses species. Populations of 5 rare plant species (Eriophorum gracile, Salix lapponum, Rubus chamaemorus, Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum, Utricularia minor), included in the Red Data Book of the Ivanovo region, are characterized. Other rare plants of the protected area are listed. Plant communities of the lake and adjoined wetland area are undisturbed, that’s why only one alien species (Epilobium pseudorubescens) was registered and the protected area is representative. This lake has a great hydrological, protective, recreational, scientific and educational value. Summary square of specially protected natural area is 12.6 hectares.

The article provides information about the first finding in the Republic of Mordovia of an infested or whitish (Caloboletus radicans (Pers.) Vizzini, 2014), more commonly referred to as Boletus radicans (Pers.) Fr. The history of the description of this species, the etymology of the name, the peculiarities of ecology, the general distribution on the globe and in Russia are outlined. It is shown that this species is located in Mordovia on the northern border of its range, forms mycorrhiza with oak (Quercus robur L.), belongs to typical thermophilic species, usually appears in years with a dry and hot summer or after such years it is drought resistant, since fruit bodies can appear even with a small amount of precipitation. A description of the macro- and microstructures of the species, made on the basis of the material of the author, is given. The article indicates the location of the macromycete, its coordinates and the dates of the finds. The sizes of the fruit bodies found were typical of the species. Due to the fact that C. radicans belongs to rare species, it is included in the second edition of the Red Book of the Republic of Mordovia with category 3 (rare species), it is recommended to search for its new locations, control (monitor) the state of the population, educational work for his protection.

The numbers, sex-and-age structure and reproduction of two background species in agrocenoses of foothills in the Central Caucasus were studied. The adults of this year represent the population nucleus of Apodemus uralensis and Mus musculus, which symbiotopically occur in agrocenoses in summer. All the cohorts are present therewith in the age structure of A. uralensis in contrast to M. musculus, when a low proportion of hibernating animals or their full absence is observed. The high numbers and labile reproduction characters of A. uralensis testify to safe state of the population in habitats under moderate anthropogenic impact.

Synecological analysis of data obtained from studies of the gut microbiota in chickens and personnel of large scale poultry farms using classical species diversity indices and multidimensional statistics showed the similarity of the microbiota in hens and personnel of poultry farms and revealed 12 common species on the poultry farm A and 11 common species on the poultry farm B. Statistically significant differences in species diversity of symbiotic microorganisms in hens were found on various poultry farms. The value of the Koch index was 0.51.The relatively low level of similarity in the species composition of the microbiota in hens can be explained by poultry management systems (i.e. poultry farms A and B - floor keeping, poultry farm C - cage keeping). Moreover, a poultry farm represents a “closed” system in which the birds are their entire life cycle. At the same time similar differences were not revealed among employees of poultry farms A and B, where a high level of similarity of species composition (Jaccard similarity coefficient - 0,71) was noted due to the fact that the composition of the human gut microbiota (microbiota core) is relatively stable despite the impact of environmental factors (i.e. climate, nutrition etc.). A noteworthy fact is that on all three farms Salmonella enteritidis strains have been circulating among birds while these microorganisms were not identified in the microbiota of employees of these farms. Thus, it can be assumed that people do not become infected through direct contact with poultry, but through poultry products from farms.

An estimation of the phytotoxicity of copper ions for Linum grandiflorum Desf. (cultivar Satin Blue, Blue, Rubrum), Linum perenne L. (cultivar Blue silk, Diamond, Celestial Azure). Compared with the control samples, the inhibition of flax was observed in aqueous experiments already at a concentration of 20 -30 mg/l. The root system was not formed in most varieties at a concentration of 50 mg/l. In soil, in most of the plants under study, significant inhibition was observed at a concentration of 50 mg/kg. Thus, we have identified varieties with high (Rubrum, Diamant, Celestial Azure) and medium sensitivity (Blue, Blue silk) to copper concentrations of more than 50 mg/kg. These varieties can be used in places of low man-caused load (parks, squares, on the adjacent territories).

The work was carrying out in the water area of the Gornoslinkinskaya riverbed depression of the Lower Irtysh in winter using a computerized hydroacoustic complex. Hydroacoustic surveying is performing during the daytime with “high” sun and in the evening in with dark. It has been establishing that fish of different ecological and size groups in the water area of the riverbed depression in the diurnal-light aspect demonstrate statistically reliable dynamics of density, the degree of development of water column horizons. The density of fish along the horizons of the water column (surface, pelagic, bottom) in the light and dark hours was 18, 105, 61 and 1378, 368, 411 ind / ha, respectively. During the daytime, fish develop bottom and pelagic horizons with smaller depths, closer to the shores, and in the dark - are most intensively distributing in the surface horizon, in the pelagic and bottom in the middle deeper part of the riverbed depression. The vertical distribution of taxonomic and size groups of fish within a single phase of the day and in the diurnal-light dynamics reflects the defensive behavior of peaceful and predatory fish species - avoiding the risk of predation and cannibalism. The cyprinids are distributing in the horizons with a smaller relative number of groups of percids and coregonids-esocids fish, percids are characterized by differentiation according to the dimensional feature. Establishing statistically significant difference in the fish’s choice of vertical horizons of the water column and their bathymetric characteristics (depths), depending on the light phase of the day. Vertical migration of fish in the absence of light landmarks shows a genetically fixed reaction of animals to the level of illumination realized through the circadian rhythm.

One of the priority pollutants of soils among heavy metals in many regions of Russia is zinc. Urban herbaceous plants are sensitive to soil contamination with zinc. As objects of research, decorative plants were used: Agrostis stolonifera, Trifolium repens, Brachycome iberidifolia, Godetia grandiflora, which are used in urban greening. The absence of a significant inhibitory effect of zinc was observed with a content of 60-80 mg / l in aqueous solutions and 80 mg/ kg in soil. Growth inhibition exceeded 25% with a zinc content of 100 mg / kg in the soil (less than approximate permissible concentration (APK) for most species. Thus, some of the ornamental plants have a relatively low degree of zinc resistance.