Gaps in Russian Legislation

The rise in illegal behavior is causing serious damage to the Russian state. In this regard, the fight against this crime is one of the priorities of law enforcement agencies. The formation and development of economic crime is influenced by a number of factors. They are formed within the framework of the domestic and foreign policies of the Russian state, and are also reflected in the state of legislation. This fact determines the relevance of the analysis of mechanisms to combat economic crimes in modern economic, political and legal realities. The purpose of the presented study is to analyze the current state of the mechanisms for combating economic crime in the Russian Federation and to determine promising directions for their development. The author comes to the conclusion that modern mechanisms for combating economic crime in the Russian Federation demonstrate very effective indicators, which is clearly reflected in the annual identification of a fairly large number of relevant acts. The prospects of targeted work with economic entities to prevent the spread of criminal ideas are noted. Attention is focused on current trends in the development of economic crime in the Russian Federation, which must be taken into account primarily when improving existing mechanisms for combating the above-mentioned illegal behavior.

Mobile communications are now quite often used to commit illegal acts, and therefore access to them by persons in custody and in prison allows them to continue criminal activities. Despite the ban on transferring means of communication to the above-mentioned persons, these technical devices find themselves in their access in a variety of ways, which is associated both with the imperfect functioning of the institutions of the penal system and with the dynamics of transformation of the corresponding methods of transfer. Considering the public danger of access to mobile devices for persons in prison and custody, not only the timely suppression of acts related to their transfer, but also the imposition of a fair punishment, as well as preventive and preventive action, becomes of fundamental importance. The purpose of the presented study is to analyze the legal liability provided for by Russian legislation for the transfer of mobile communications equipment to persons in custody and in prison. The author comes to the conclusion that administrative liability under Art. 19.12 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, which was applied for the above-mentioned offenses until the end of 2023, was insufficient and ineffective, as evidenced by a fairly large number of similar offenses committed in recent years. The timeliness and validity of tightening administrative liability is noted, including in terms of identifying the transfer of mobile devices and their components directly as a separate offense, as well as introducing criminal liability for the repeated commission of this act (Article 321.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Attention is focused on the significant preventive potential of the institution of criminal liability within the framework of the stated issues.

The relevance of the topic under consideration is due to several factors, including the process of democratization in the Russian Federation, the expansion of international cooperation in various fields, and the holding of sporting events at various levels. All this makes changes to the work of internal affairs bodies, including ensuring public order during mass events. The goals and objectives of this scientific article include the study of the main directions of police activity, the identification of tasks and means of ensuring public order and security during sporting events, as well as consideration of the organization of public order protection during mass sporting events. It is known that the main areas of police work include protecting individuals, society and the state from crime, crime prevention, searching for persons, ensuring law and order and road safety, as well as forensic work. The actions of the police to prevent and suppress crimes and administrative offenses are clearly manifested in ensuring public safety and maintaining public order at various public events, including sports. Effective organization of safety and security is an important condition for the successful implementation of events, and this area occupies one of the leading places in the work of law enforcement agencies. The experience of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation confirms their active role in the preparation and conduct of various events, including elections, festivals, Olympiads and other events, where they ensure the safety of both foreign citizens and Russians. Mass events are social phenomena that create specific conditions for ensuring public order and security in the territory where they are held. They usually take place in a limited area and gather a large number of people — participants, spectators, organizers and decision-makers, which creates a special environment conducive to the emergence of certain events.

In the context of a special military operation and changes in geopolitical ties with many states, new challenges and threats to its stable functioning arise for the Russian Federation, among which we should highlight the transformation of criminal behavior directed against public security and state power. Currently, certain acts of terrorism and sabotage, as well as high treason, are becoming widespread. In this context, questions arise about the effectiveness of criminal liability, regulated by current legislation, for the above-mentioned crimes, including in terms of the potential of its preventive impact on the population. The purpose of the presented study is to analyze the current state of criminal legislation regulating liability for crimes against public danger and state power. The author comes to the conclusion that the modern process of tightening criminal liability for certain crimes of the above-mentioned nature seems justified and timely in connection with the expansion of the scale of criminal practice, as well as the need for criminal legal protection of public safety and state power, taking into account modern socio-economic, political and legal realities. Attention is focused on the prospects for further improvement of criminal legislation, in terms of lowering the age of criminal responsibility for sabotage from 16 years to 14 years, which is directly related to the increase in the number of such acts among adolescents.

Illicit drug trafficking poses a serious threat to national security, has a negative impact on society, the economy and the health of citizens, which requires urgent and adequate measures to counter this phenomenon.

The article examines the main problems faced by law enforcement agencies in the implementation of activities to combat illicit drug trafficking and suggests possible ways to solve them. It is concluded that in order to increase the effectiveness of combating this problem, an integrated approach is needed, including various aspects such as prevention, investigation, suppression and rehabilitation.

The article analyzes the causes of domestic crimes and their harmful effects on society and the state. The author emphasizes the danger of committing domestic crimes as crimes that undermine family foundations, destroy the family as the main unit of society. The main attention is paid to the problems that prevent the timely identification of conflict situations in the family, as the reasons for the effective prevention of domestic crimes.

Describing the causes and conditions of domestic crimes, the author emphasizes the need for effective work of social services and law enforcement agencies in checking families who are afraid of committing violent crimes. In the article, the author consistently deduces the forms of domestic violence and their causes. Statistics of the main victims of crimes are provided. The author calls on the authorized bodies to pay special attention to the situation of children in the family, in order to prevent child homelessness and acts of violence against them. The ways of effective prevention of domestic crimes are given.

Public Prosecutor’s Officers (hereinafter referred to as the PPO) are precisely that link in the system of protecting public order and internal affairs bodies that closely interacts with the population in the course of carrying out their official activities in the administrative areas they serve.

PPOs ensure the safety of the territory of the serviced area, carry out preventive work, take measures to prevent, identify and suppress offenses and crimes.

PPOs act as a kind of bridge between the population and law enforcement agencies, helping the police to identify offenses and crimes at an early stage, which makes it possible to quickly respond to them and prevent their further spread. PPOs signal the state of the operational situation in the areas they serve, which allows ATS to plan their work effectively and perform the functions and responsibilities assigned to them.

The features of the service of the PPO, as well as its form, are considered by a number of authors [4,5,6,8,9,12].

The purpose of the research work is to consider the activities of the PPOs, the forms in which it is carried out, in accordance with the Federal Law of February 7, 2011 No. 3-FZ “On Police”, Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia of March 29, 2019 No. 205 “On the service by the public prosecutor’s Officer in the administrative area served and the organization of this activity”, considering of individual preventive work (hereinafter referred to as IPR).

The author concluded about the importance of the role of the activities of the PPOs in the prevention and suppression of offenses, crimes, as well as the importance of implementing official activities in all five forms of service, and in particular the importance of IPR.

As a result of the study, the effectiveness of the activities of public prosecutor’s officers, the combination of various areas of service in five forms, and the positive and important role of the IPR carried out by them are noted.

The article analyzes the features of teaching the academic discipline “Fundamentals of Criminology” during the implementation of basic vocational training (occupational development) programs for the employees newly employed to the internal affairs agencies of the Russian Federation as the policemen in the educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The author comes to the conclusion that with due regard to the limited period of time allocated by the relevant programs for this academic discipline, the lecturers and teachers face the specific tasks in adapting tutorial materials to the student population, isolating critically important data from the academic course of forensic science that can become the basis for the students to obtain basic forensic knowledge, techniques and relevant practical skills. In the author’s opinion, this problem can be solved by the specific approaches to arranging the lecture- and seminar-type sessions and students’ independent work. It is concluded that the increasingly stringent requirements for employees of the internal affairs agencies force to use the balance training technologies in the educational process when implementing the vocational training (occupational development) programs for the specialists who have (among other things) the necessary forensic skills and abilities, competently integrated into their daily work activities. A special role in solving this problem belongs to the practice-oriented forms of training sessions, application of active and interactive academic methods. The article summarizes the educational experience in relation to the academic discipline “Fundamentals of Criminology” at the Department for Special Technical Training of the North Caucasus Institute for Advanced Training (branch) of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

The article reveals the key aspects of the implementation of exemplary professional training programs for employees who were first recruited to the internal affairs bodies, as a «Policeman» employee. The authors reasonably point out the relevance of new exemplary educational training programs in the current operational situation in connection with the conduct of a special military operation and the state of affairs in the field of personnel support of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The conducted retrospective review of the training of employees of the internal affairs bodies allows us to note that the modern model of employee training is based on the idea of a «single-profile» vector of training. According to the authors, it is precisely this paradigm that is embedded in the new programs, which is confirmed by their architectonics (in particular, the presence of variable disciplines, i.e. disciplines of the «professionally specialized cycle») and content. As for the experimental standard programs of «multidisciplinary» training of employees, they turned out to be costly and not in demand at the current stage of personnel training for the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Taking into account the reduction in the amount of study time allocated to the development of these programs, the authors propose to pay special attention to the organizational and methodological features of their implementation in order to achieve the learning goal. The cornerstone, according to the authors, should be the methodology of teaching each individual academic discipline - private teaching methods (private didactics), as well as the creation of a unified register of educational materials on the disciplines of programs developed by educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia within the framework of a single departmental digital portal. Such transparency of electronic resources will ensure an improvement in the quality of implementation of basic educational programs and, accordingly, a high level of training. The main efforts of the teaching staff in the implementation of the discussed programs should be focused on the content side of classes, ensuring high-quality lecture-type classes, the creative nature of seminar-type classes, the development of the digital culture of teachers, staff and students, the desire to ensure that studies form the basis of motivation for further improvement of the professional activities of each employee. The organic unity of knowledge, beliefs and practical experience is the main goal of training the personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

The purpose of the study is to identify the cornerstone aspects of the implementation of vocational training programs for employees who were first recruited to the internal affairs bodies, as a «Policeman» employee. To do this, the following tasks were solved in the course of the study: 1) the sample vocational training programs are analyzed and the features of their implementation are identified; 2) the model (main vector) of the training of personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia according to vocational training programs is established; 3) key aspects in the training of employees of internal affairs bodies according to these educational programs are identified. Within the framework of the research, such general and private scientific methods as analysis and synthesis, the method of comparison and expert assessment, the method of systematic review, etc. were used. As a result of the conducted research, the following conclusions were formulated: 1) for the effective implementation of exemplary professional training programs, it is proposed to create a single departmental digital portal of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia to place conceptually and meaningfully verified educational and methodological materials on the disciplines of the programs in the general departmental electronic access; 2) the developers of the sample programs provided an opportunity for training centers and educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, in coordination with the component bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, to independently determine the content of a professionally specialized cycle and introduce optional disciplines to take into account the interests of territorial (component) bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in training, taking into account regional peculiarities and the evolving operational situation; 3) the implementation of new sample programs is conditioned not only by the requirements of a set of measures to improve the personnel training system for the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation (for 2022-2023), but also by a significant shortage of the Ministry. In conclusion, the authors note that the professional training of employees of the internal affairs bodies should be based on regional and territorial characteristics and adequately meet the tasks assigned to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

The purpose of this study is an attempt to carry out a theoretical and legal analysis of the types and forms of modern extremism, as well as to study a general understanding of the concept, ways of occurrence and some measures to counter modern extremism developing in the Russian Federation.

The existing problems of countering extremist manifestations, among other things, arise and are related to the complexity of this phenomenon itself. In order to effectively counter the diverse manifestations of extremism, it must be appropriately recognized and identified, as well as dissociated from other essentially similar phenomena of social and public life. In this regard, experts in the field of combating extremism need to have broad knowledge not only in the field of jurisprudence, but also in such fields as political science, religious studies, cultural studies, and sociology.

The article examines the problems of the spread of youth extremism in conditions of foreign policy instability, which can provoke the spread of illegal acts and extremist ideology in the minds of young people. In recent years, informal right- and left-wing radical youth groups have become more active in a number of regions of Russia. Representatives of various movements, which are supported by the curators of Western special services, seek to take advantage of these trends. They exert a destructive influence on young people, try to draw them into their ranks, use them, including for extremist purposes - the transition from hooligan actions to the implementation of terrorist acts.

The reason for youth extremism, according to many authors, should be sought in the conscious and unconscious feeling of social exclusion by young people. At the same time, the reasons for feeling deprived in young people may be different. They may have a purely economic nature - a sharp stratification of society into poor and rich. They may arise from the ideological features of a particular situation in society, when devaluation or destruction of the idea of patriotism occurs intentionally or due to underestimation of importance.

In the context of the developing anti-Russian propaganda, youth representatives actively express their commitment to illegal ideas expressed on the global network, which is especially common on social networks and messengers.

Many scientists in their works, investigating the causes and factors of extremism among young people, note that in modern conditions of global exacerbation of extremist activity, countering youth extremism is the most important state task.

Financing of terrorist activities is a systemic criminal activity that forms an independent criminal practice, which determines the need to implement a set of diverse preventive measures aimed at both eliminating, weakening and minimizing the impact of the factors determining this type of criminal activity and on the persons carrying it out. The goal of crime prevention activities is to influence through implementation of a set of general and special measures, the factors determining crime and the personality of the criminal in the early stages of the formation and implementation of criminal behaviour. Prevention of the financing of terrorist activities involves the implementation of a set of financial measures implemented by specialized authorized entities. First of all, among this group of measures, it is necessary to note financial monitoring. At the same time the information component of financial monitoring is of particular importance, since it is the possession by law enforcement agencies of relevant information about dubious or clearly criminal financial transactions and operations and the persons carrying out them that allows them to quickly identify, prevent, suppress and investigate the financing of terrorist activities. In modern conditions the effective implementation of measures to prevent the financing of terrorist activities is impossible without the use of financial technologies (fintech). Prevention of the financing of terrorist activities should include measures aimed at identifying the determinant factors of various types of terrorist activities and the persons carrying them out, and preventive impact on them. Directly identifying and suppressing the financing of extremist activities is a predicate measure to counter the financing of terrorist activities. It is necessary to identify and destroy the links between the financing of terrorist activities and organized, economic crime and corruption The object of preventive influence should also be persons involved in the financing of terrorist activities (carrying them out), and persons involved in these activities. Preventive influence on real and potential criminals should be carried out based on the person’s belonging to a specific type, determined by the specific motivation of the criminal act, as well as his role in the mechanism of financing terrorist activities.

The article examines current problems of the struggle of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation against illegal activities aimed at spreading the ideology of extremism in Russia. The author analyzes the main areas of activity of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation to counter extremism and formulates modern ways to improve approaches to combating this threat.

The purpose of the study is to analyze and comprehend the problems facing the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation in matters of countering extremism at the present stage, as well as to develop ways to overcome them and formulate recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of activities to prevent and prevent the spread of extremist ideologies on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Conclusions. Firstly, the activities of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation to counter extremism are significantly complicated by the variety of forms of extremism, various types of this destructive phenomenon, and the constant change in the challenges and threats of an extremist nature that have to be countered. Adherents of radical ideologies are becoming more and more inventive in methods and technologies of involving citizens in the sphere of influence of extremist organizations, ways of implementing propaganda of extremist ideology among the population, ways of protecting themselves from law enforcement measures taken by government agencies involved in ensuring security and law and order.

Secondly, a priority and highly effective approach to countering the spread of extremist ideology is a comprehensive combination of general and targeted prevention and the preventive nature of actions taken to combat extremist organizations. The activities of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation must be coordinated both within the domestic law enforcement system and at the international level, where it is necessary to constantly establish and improve the system of interaction, exchange of experience and information.

Thirdly, an important condition for effectively countering the spread of extremist ideology is the use of modern technologies, as well as the potential provided by Internet resources and advanced software.

The purpose of this study is to study methods and mechanisms for countering manifestations of extremist sentiments among young people. Since 1991, modern Russia, under the influence of social, political, economic and other circumstances, has faced such a problem as “extremism”. In a few years, this problem has become a real threat to the national security of the country. Extremist sentiments are particularly acute among young people. The objectives of the study are to analyze extremist manifestations among young people, to identify the causes and sources of the emergence and spread of extremist ideas, including on the Internet, as well as to organize the development and implementation of a set of measures to prevent the spread of extremist sentiments among young people. Like all crimes committed in the modern world, extremism is also subject to change. Thus, the development of information technologies and the widespread use of the Internet have contributed to the development of information extremism. The target audience becomes the most vulnerable psychologically. It is important to note that it is young people who are the main users of Internet resources. In general, these factors contributed to the formation of a favorable environment for the spread of radical ideologies, extremism and terrorism. The use of Internet resources has no spatial restrictions, which creates a number of difficulties in the fight against extremism on the global network. The article considers the problems of countering extremism among young people, modern features of the spread of information extremism in the global information space, the increase in the influence of youth extremism, which is actively used by extremist organizations, in particular to have a negative impact on young people. The main ways of spreading extremist ideology among young people, including through a virtual social environment, as well as information and technical methods used by extremists to have a devastating impact on the younger generation are analyzed.

This article examines such significant elements of the criminalistic characteristics of fraud on the Internet as traces; the place of fraud; the persons who committed the crime; individual technical characteristics of the crime instrument; the focus of the actions performed; difficulties in identifying the location of the completion of the crime; lack of direct contact between the victim and the perpetrator; features of the transfer of the stolen.

The author notes computer and traditional traces as typical traces of modern Internet fraud, defines the place (location) of fraudulent actions on the Internet, provides possible locations, characterizes the personality of the criminal, including, based on the analysis of criminal case materials, typical characteristics of the attacker’s personality when he implements fraudulent actions are noted.

The author touches upon the issues of increasing the effectiveness of the investigation of the investigated category of criminal acts, and gives recommendations on the rational organization of the investigator’s actions.

The purpose of writing a scientific article is the need to establish similarities and differences in the investigation of crimes of a terrorist nature in the context of everyday activities and in special conditions.

The article examines the concept of everyday activities and special conditions, a terrorist act, provides fresh statistical data and data on the jurisdiction of criminal cases initiated under various articles of terrorist crimes, reveals the essence of the fight against terrorism by criminal legal and criminal procedural means, and draws conclusions about the shortcomings legislation and directions for its further adjustment.

The results of such a generalization can be used in the practical activities of preliminary investigation bodies, for further theoretical research, preparation of scientific works and for solving practical problems in the field of criminal proceedings in everyday activities and special conditions.

The responsibilities of the police to suppress fights between civilians are briefly outlined, the specifics of fights among officers and the peculiarities of the implementation of police measures are noted, and means of preventing accidents in public places and on communications routes are provided. It is noted that the activities of the general police on the tracks belonging to the Ministry of Railways were carried out in the absence of supervisory authorities of the said department or when railway police officials were replaced. Measures are revealed to provide police assistance to victims of criminal acts, accidents, people who become ill in public places, and to transport them to medical institutions. When forming a position in the draft charter, the organizers hoped that city public administrations would create special ambulance crews, which already existed in some medical institutions in large urban settlements. It is indicated that the adoption by police officials of various efforts to resolve situations related to accidents was combined with conducting an inquiry and issuing a copy of the report to the victims, at their request. The article shows the struggle of the police against neglect: the transfer of abandoned babies, orphans, lost children to trustworthy citizens, to educational homes, charitable institutions of city and zemstvo institutions; transport to public hospitals. As an area of police activity, measures to prevent fires are shown, the role of the police in managing their extinguishing, ensuring the protection of personal property, and the work of the police during floods, shipwrecks, and railway accidents. Monitoring the registration of residents in residential premises, daily control over sanitary order in houses, entrances, streets, and squares are independently presented.