Sociopolitical Sciences

This article is devoted to understanding the phenomenon of planning through the political and legal instruments and conceptual framework of political science and state and legal theory. Using definitional analysis, system-structural method, formal-legal approach, literal, complex and contextual interpretation of legal norms, historical retrospective, the author defines possible planning vectors based on historical material and existing theoretical-legal and political science approaches, makes a categorical distinction between planning and control and monitoring, characterizes the stages of planning from the process side, designates the relationship between planning as part of social reality and strategic planning as a legal institution, establishes the main current regulations in the field of strategic planning. It is noted that planning in the general theoretical dimension, as part of social reality and a prerequisite for the development of normative legal foundations for state planning, appears as a mental picture of a controlled and managed future. In its turn, strategic planning, as follows from the relevant legislation, is considered as an activity on goal-setting, forecasting and programming of such areas of application of state efforts as the socio-economic development of the country as a whole, its subjects and municipalities, state administration, and national security. It is stated that the object of strategic planning is the entire range of state functions, from domestic to foreign policy. In conclusion, it is noted that the conducted comprehensive study of planning made it possible to identify a categorical divergence between planning, on the one hand, and strategic planning, on the other hand. The author concludes that the established discrepancy is determined by the difference in interpretations of planning (strategic planning) in the socio-philosophical and legal discourses. If in the logical and philosophical sense strategic planning is one of the varieties of planning in general, then in the domestic normative legal space planning appears as a part of strategic planning, given that the latter forms an inter-sectoral legal institution.

The study examines the theoretical aspects of political risks. The intensification of the development of science and philosophy has led to the emergence of a number of studies addressing the issues of socio-political stability, as well as risk factors and destabilization of the socio-political situation. Among the most significant general theoretical approaches that contribute to understanding the problems of stability and risk in the dynamics of the socio-political system, one can single out research in the paradigm of tectology. Based on the analysis of key approaches to the interpretation of the category of political risk, the author defined it as a threat to destabilization and disruption of the integrity and functionality of the socio-political system that accompanies the general socio-political dynamics, as well as the adoption of specific political decisions. It is noted that the object of political risk is an integral system of socio-political interaction, while the sources of political risk may be of various nature and may go beyond socio-political phenomena, such as a natural disaster or a pandemic.

Political science, which has a unique methodological and rich empirical apparatus, has been formed without exaggeration for centuries, centuries. The periodization of the development of political science covers several historical milestones at once: Antiquity, Renaissance, Enlightenment, and the modern period. At each stage, positive knowledge was accumulated, systematized, and acquired the outlines of an autonomous theoretical science, which now has applied significance. Such thinkers and scientists as Plato, Cicero, Aristotle, Socrates, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Nicolo Machiavelli, John Milton, John Mill, Thomas More, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Karl Popper, etc. made an invaluable contribution to the formation and development of political science. The institutionalization of political science or political institutionalization itself is inextricably linked with the description and justification of the effectiveness and stability of political processes that take place in various political systems. Within the framework of structural and functional analysis, the key component of any political system is the mass media. Of course, in the usual sense, traditional media were formed and developed much later than the first thoughts about the state, its structure, the categories of freedom, justice, and separation of powers arose, but the conceptual and explanatory base that exists today was not formed immediately. Moreover, the theoretical, methodological, and empirical foundations of the study of mass media require a multi-paradigm approach. The purpose of this work is a theoretical and methodological interpretation of universal and general categories that correspond to the stated topic of this study, and are reflected at the theoretical and empirical levels of political science.

The article explores the role of political networks in the functioning of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) through the conceptual lens of network as infrastructure. The author puts forward the hypothesis that informal interactions between political actors act as infrastructural compensatory mechanisms in the context of institutional vulnerability and fragmentation. The theoretical framework draws upon Actor-Network Theory, Manuel Castells’ network society concept, and infrastructure sociology (S.L. Star). Particular attention is paid to the case of China-Kazakhstan relations, which demonstrates how an external informal network can reshape the internal structure of a regional organization. The article presents a conceptual analysis of actors, levels of network interaction (formal and informal), types of ties, and coordination architecture within the EAEU. It concludes that the network does not merely complement institutions but rather functions as an alternative governance infrastructure in a weakly institutionalized integration setting. The work contributes to a theoretical and analytical understanding of post-Soviet integration in Eurasia and provides a foundation for further empirical research.

Purpose of the study. The article is devoted to the problem of forming the energy policy of the United Arab Emirates. The main factors of the state energy policy influencing the development of the country, its principles and models are analyzed. Attention is focused on the theories of “old” and “new” regionalism, such as the theory of dividing the international space into regions. Within the framework of the theory of “new” regionalism, an intergovernmental approach (Inter governmentalism) is used. The example of the United Arab Emirates shows the strategy and need for the formation of energy policy, building its model considering the energy situation developing in the modern world, considering interaction with global and regional powers. The state energy policy is based on the principles of pragmatism and “equidistance” in relations with countries exporting and importing energy resources. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the authors concluded that the United Arab Emirates advocate an integrative and multi-faceted development process in the context of implementing its state energy policy. Today, there are two models of such a policy. The first model is traditional (export-oriented), the second model is alternative. The geopolitical vector of the energy policy of the United Arab Emirates is built in the context of globalization, the growth of international competition for energy resources, the lability of world energy markets and the volatility of oil prices. There is a need to diversify and strengthen the country’s export potential, to move from the “geopolitics of oil” to the “geopolitics of gas”.

In the context of global instability and increasing geopolitical contradictions, the formation of an effective state policy in the field of spiritual and moral values becomes a key factor in ensuring national security and sustainable development of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to analyze current trends and promising directions for improving state policy on preserving and strengthening traditional Russian spiritual and moral values in the context of new challenges and threats. The study examines mechanisms of institutional support for value policy, educational strategies for transmitting traditional values, information technologies for their promotion, and international aspects of cooperation. The methodological approach is based on systematic analysis, comparative legal method, and content analysis of strategic documents. The research results indicate a qualitative transformation of the conceptual foundations of value policy, the formation of a multi-level institutional system, and the need to develop comprehensive mechanisms to protect traditional values from destructive influences. Special attention is paid to the role of educational institutions in reproducing value orientations and the importance of information technologies in modern society. The practical significance lies in substantiating directions for improving state policy and developing recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of value policy implementation mechanisms in the context of digital transformation of society.

The author, analyzing the activities of international organizations and issues of artificial intelligence, cannot but refer to the activities of Interpol, an international criminal police organization created to promote cooperation between law enforcement agencies of different countries in the fight against crime. Since its main task is to exchange information between member countries, coordinate investigations of crimes of an international nature and ensure the interaction of national police services, it is very important to clarify the issue of using artificial intelligence (AI) in this work. The problem of cybercrime, which is already acquiring global proportions, also plays an important role. And here, it is quite relevant to consider how artificial intelligence fights artificial intelligence and what tools have been created for this. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to identify the role of artificial intelligence in the activities of Interpol. The author concludes that artificial intelligence plays an important role in modern law enforcement systems and for Interpol due to its ability to process large volumes of data, identify patterns and improve the effectiveness of crime investigations. The use of machine learning technologies allows you to optimize the processes of information analysis, identify suspicious activity and prevent security threats. The projects that Interpol is developing make it possible to use artificial intelligence to expand police capabilities by automating the processing of large volumes of data, improving the efficiency of monitoring and predicting potential threats. For example, the creation of the “Metaverse”, a virtual headquarters that will serve as an immersive training space for law enforcement specialists. And these are only the first steps in implementing this idea. It is also worth noting the importance of developing, jointly with the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI), the “Toolkit for Responsible AI Innovation in Law Enforcement”. Thus, the combination of Interpol’s efforts and the capabilities of artificial intelligence significantly increases the effectiveness of the fight against international crime, ensuring the safety of citizens and the stability of society. Technologies allow us to quickly respond to threats and minimize risks, making the world safer and more secure.

The purpose of the research. The article examines the current political and legal processes of integration accompanying the sphere of cross-border cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The paper highlights the key areas of interaction: political, trade and economic, transport, energy, environmental and health direction. The importance and significance of harmonization of the national legislation of neighboring countries and the creation of an interstate legal framework for cross-border cooperation is emphasized. Analyzed a number of treaties and agreements for 2023–2024 jointly adopted at the annual meetings of heads of state. In addition, challenges and prospects for future cooperation are presented, including improvements in infrastructure connectivity, tax regulation and strategic planning until 2030. The study concludes that comprehensive cooperation is necessary to ensure sustainable development of the regions.

The purpose of the research. The article addresses the today’s Russian-Mongolian economic and humanitarian cross-border cooperation, with their intercivilizational contacts, which have deep historical roots, being its driving force. The purpose of the research is to outline the main trends in the dynamics of the mentioned tracks of cross-border interaction, which is developing on the territory of the Russian-Mongolian intercivilizational outpost – the Republic of Buryatia, the Republic of Tuva, the Altai Republic, the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Irkutsk Region. Results. As a result of the research, the authors come to the following conclusions. First, the trade and tourism potential of the state border between Russia and Mongolia is partly fulfilled because of the poor participation of half of the available checkpoints. Second, the Russian regions have clear trade surplus with Mongolia because of the considerable diversification of their export. Third, the scale of cooperation between our regions and Mongolia differs significantly: the Republic of Buryatia and the Irkutsk Region operate on a national scale, while local projects in the Mongolian border aimags remain the main activities of the Republic of Tyva, the Altai Republic and the Trans-Baikal Territory. The authors hope that the regions of Russia and Mongolia will not only strengthen cross-border cooperation, but will also move towards a multidimensional consolidation of these civilizational outposts.

The purpose of the research. This study examines the development pathways of the national rehabilitation system for people with disabilities in the Russian Federation. It analyzes rehabilitation science as an autonomous field of scientific inquiry, refining fundamental concepts and categories that reflect contemporary trends in integrated rehabilitation practices. Particular emphasis is placed on rehabilitation diagnostics, assessment of recovery potential, and state support mechanisms that facilitate social and economic integration of persons with disabilities. Results. The research findings demonstrate that rehabilitation science addresses multifaceted challenges – spanning medical, psychological-pedagogical, and vocational-social domains – while drawing upon advancements in natural, technical, and human sciences. This interdisciplinary foundation constitutes its defining characteristic. As an emerging academic discipline, rehabilitation science adapts methodological frameworks and tools from related fields while developing its own theoretical constructs, simultaneously exerting reciprocal influence on their evolution. This methodological synthesis has already made substantial contributions to medicine, education, sociology, architectural design, and ergonomics, where rehabilitation technologies have been effectively incorporated into core processes. A review of contemporary scholarship on disability rehabilitation underscores the imperative for further advancement and institutionalization of rehabilitation science as a distinct domain of scientific knowledge. Its conceptual framework should be grounded in a multi-tiered system of comprehensive interventions encompassing various life domains of individuals with special needs.

The article examines the process of media literacy formation among Russian university teachers in the context of the digital transformation of education. Based on in-depth interviews with teachers, the authors reveal that media literacy acts not only as a set of technical skills, but also as a complex space for the formation of new digital identities, where professional, personal and socio-cultural codes intersect. Special attention is paid to the analysis of strategies for mastering media technologies: from formal training to self-education and the horizontal exchange of experience within professional communities. It is shown that the level of media literacy of teachers is heterogeneous and is largely determined by personal motivation, values and communication style. Media literacy is becoming an integrative competence that combines pedagogical experience, digital tools and emotional maturity, as well as an essential resource for building trust with a youth audience and maintaining competitiveness in the academic environment. The authors emphasize the importance of teamwork, mentoring, and institutional support, as well as the need for a differentiated approach to media literacy education. It is noted that the development of media literacy contributes to adaptation to the digital environment and the transformation of a teacher’s professional identity, opening up new opportunities for integration into network structures in the formation of a new type of educational communities.

This article examines the development of the human resources potential of local government bodies. The authors justify the conclusion on the necessity of professionalizing municipal management as a key factor in the socio-economic development of Russian territories. The main research method is a survey of experts, who are leaders of local government bodies. The study identified limitations on the effectiveness of local government operations: insufficient staffing of municipal employees and their professional competencies. Additionally, experts noted the absence of an effective training system for city managers in modern conditions. The following directions for the professionalization of municipal management are proposed: first, optimizing the selection and training procedures for city managers as key subjects of local self-government; second, forming institutional conditions for the development of the personnel corps of municipal service. The article provides recommendations for enhancing the human resources potential of municipal service and increasing its attractiveness to young people.

The article analyzes the activities of bodies that carry out supervision and control over compliance with labor legislation. Special attention is paid to the Federal Service for Labor and Employment and its territorial divisions, the State Labor Inspectorate (GIT). It is noted that in the current conditions, the activities of the GIT have changed due to the introduction of a moratorium on inspections. The introduction of a moratorium should be considered as a tool of state policy aimed at optimizing the interaction between the subjects of labor and public law relations, and demonstrates the state’s desire to adapt regulatory mechanisms to extraordinary challenges while maintaining the functionality of economic processes. Reducing administrative pressure on businesses by suspending scheduled inspections allows employers to reallocate resources and focus on overcoming the crisis, from transitioning to remote work to adapting to sanctions restrictions. At the same time, maintaining the possibility of unscheduled inspections in exceptional cases, such as systemic delays in paying salaries, ensures the protection of workers’ rights and prevents a complete abandonment of control. This approach reflects the principle of proportionality in regulation, where the balance between freedom of entrepreneurship and protection of labor rights is achieved through the differentiation of intervention measures. The emphasis on prevention rather than total control indicates the state’s recognition of the ability of businesses to self-regulate in stable conditions, minimizing the costs for both employers who must divert resources to formal compliance and the state, which spends resources on ineffective inspections. Based on an analysis of the activities of the Prosecutor’s Office, the Social Fund of Russia, as well as the Rostekhnadzor and Rospotrebnadzor bodies, it can be concluded that the current system of supervision and control over compliance with labor legislation in Russia is a multi-level mechanism that includes both specialized bodies (the Federal Service for Labor and Employment, the State Labor Inspectorate) and general supervision institutions (the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation), as well as agencies that perform related functions within their competence. Despite the wide range of powers, the key role belongs to Rostrud, which directly regulates labor relations through inspections, complaints, and the use of enforcement measures. However, the risk-based approach, which is enshrined in legislation, significantly limits the scope of control activities, turning them into selective and sporadic inspections, which reduces the preventive effect and does not guarantee comprehensive protection of workers’ rights. Nevertheless, the interaction between agencies, including information exchange and coordination, allows for a comprehensive approach to identifying violations.

Purpose of study. The paper investigates the Eurasian ideology in the criminal procedure. The purpose is to formulate and substantiate the essence and content of the guiding idea which serves to be the ideology of criminal procedure, to reveal the key features of the guiding idea as energy, to compare the interpretation of energy in various religious doctrines, to reveal the essence of two components of the guiding idea’s energy – energy of life and celestial energy, to stress the influence of Orthodoxy on formation of the guiding idea’s energy. Conclusions. It is concluded that the essence and content of the guiding idea is manifested in the harmonic unity of the life’s energy and the celestial energy. The guiding idea governs the participants of the criminal procedure and contributes to the formation of the moral fibre, makes criminal procedure relations systemic as well as convenient and transparent to the criminal procedure participants. In general, the guiding idea’s energy, being the ideology of Eurasian criminal procedure. serves to be the engine of the entire criminal procedure, specifically, the moral basis, legal relations and specification of these relations in the new Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.

The purpose of the research. The article is devoted to the disclosure of the scientific and theoretical foundations of the organization of information warfare in modern conditions. The authors consider information warfare as a special form of complexly organized and purposeful activity of various subjects of social development, based on certain scientific theories and concepts that occupied a dominant position at a particular stage of human evolution and continue to remain relevant at the present time. The conclusions of the research. The paper reveals methodological tools for the study of the paradigmatic foundations of the organization of information warfare, which allows to reveal the causes of its functioning, to make a qualitative assessment of the expected results of information impact on the audience, to determine the content and specifics of the applied forms, methods and technologies of its implementation, as well as possible trends in further development.

The article examines a number of examples of how key terms were created in Russian and Chinese cultures, which were used to construct an understanding of religious phenomena, including religion, magic, atheism, superstition, etc. The analysis is conducted from the standpoint of modern religious studies (anthropological theories of J. Fraser, B. Malinovsky, etc.) and social philosophy (N. Luhmann’s concept of autopoietic systems). Religion is described as “overseeing the unknown”, which, on the one hand, always remains “invisible”, i.e. It is “invisible”, but, on the other hand, in all cultures it is also symbolically constructed in images and symbols of the “sacred” (individual and collective practices and representations), as proper and worthy forms of local worship of “the highest order of nature, which is called divine” (Cicero). Three levels of representation of religious phenomena by means of intercultural communication as languages of the first, second and third order (I1, I2 and I3) are considered.

This work is a religious studies analysis of a number of texts in the first volume of the first collection of the “Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire” (hereinafter – the PSRI), focused on the phenomenon of “invisibility” of religious communities, which is viewed through the prism of regulatory regulations and stigmatization. The purpose of the study is to study several key concepts in the field of religious studies, namely the concept of “invisibility” introduced by Niklas Luhmann, with an emphasis on its two main aspects: 1) the impossibility of simultaneously observing phenomena and conducting self-observation, and 2) monitoring sacred reality. An analysis of a number of documents from the 17th century demonstrates how “religious stigmatization” was formed, which manifested itself in legal regulations regarding punishments for “deviations from the norm”. Thus, the PSRI acted not only as a legal body, but also as a tool visualizing religious minorities that were previously “invisible” to the authorities.