编号 2 (2017)

The paper analyzes published data on the role of hospital epidemiology specialists in different countries of the world and their professional status. It gives world experience in preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) with the participation of infection control professionals. The competences of the latter, which are necessary for effective work, are presented. The status of this issue in Russia is discussed.There is evidence for the leading role of hospital epidemiologists in preventing HAIs and for the need to harmonize the existing Russian normative documents in this area with international recommendations.

Objective. To identify the regularities of the epidemic process of whooping cough during planned mass immunization for children in the Yaroslavl Region under the current sociodemographic conditions and to elaborate measures to reduce the incidence of this infection. Materials and methods. The authors performed a comparative retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of pertussis, the demographic situation, and the quality of vaccination in the Yaroslavl Region, by using data from the state infectious diseases reports by the Directorate for the Yaroslavl Region, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, and those by the Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, statistical observation forms No. 2 «Information on Infectious and Parasitic Diseases» and No. 6 «Information on Contingents of Children and Adults Vaccinated Against Infectious Disease» over 2004-2016. Results. Whatever the coverage and timeliness of immunization, whooping cough was shown to be characterized by common epidemiological patterns: long-term dynamics, periodic upsurges of morbidity rates, changes in the structure of morbidity, and pronounced territorial irregularity. It was established that the intensity of the epidemic process of pertussis and the features of its manifestations were largely determined by the demographic situation, the size of the pediatric population, social conditions, and the insufficient duration of postvaccination immunity. Thus, in 2016, the incidence of pertussis increased by 8.7% compared to 2015, amounting to 23.1 per 100,000 population, which was 4.1 times the average level in the Russian Federation (5.6 per 100,000 population). The highest morbidity rates were noted among infants under 1 year of age (206.5 per 100,000 babies of this age) and schoolchildren (167.8 per 100,000 children in this category). Conclusion. The features of the present-day epidemiology and clinical course of pertussis necessitate changing the vaccination tactics and introducing revaccination with acellular vaccines in children and adults. In order to protect newborns from whooping cough, it is advisable to promptly vaccinate all family members without a history of this infection, including adults. This will be able to protect a baby in the first 6 months of life before he/she develops postvaccination immunity.

Objective. To detect Mycoplasma species in solid organ transplant recipients following transplantation. Subjects and methods. Ninety-nine transplant recipients were examined for Mycoplasma infection after heart, liver, or kidney transplantation. The patients were divided into 2 groups: 1) 86 patients having a good postoperative period; 2) 13 patients whose postoperative period was poor. Mycoplasma antigens were determined by aggregate hemagglutination assay; antibodies were detected by the passive hemagglutination assay. Results. Markers of different Mycoplasma species were identified in patients after organ transplantation. In patients who had undergone orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT), Mycoplasma pneumoniae was identified almost twice more common than in those who had related liver fragments transplantation (RLFT): 54.5 ± 0.08 and 31.0 ± 0.09%, respectively (p < 0.05). Ureaplasma spp. also prevailed in patients who had undergone OHT versus those who had RLFT, but these data were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Ureaplasma spp. was more frequently detected in Group 2 than in Group 1: its isolation frequency was 46.2 ± 0.14 and 36.0 ± 0.05%, respectively (p < 0.05). The isolation frequency of M. pneumoniae was 47.7 ± 0.05% in Group 1 and 30.8 ± 0.13% in Group 2 (p > 0.05). Conclusion. It is important to detect Mycoplasma not only for the prevention and treatment of its infection in the early in-hospital period, but also for the prevention of late complications.

The relationship of liver diseases to eye problems has been noted since ancient times, and the works of contemporary Russian and foreign researchers only confirm this proposition. Chronic hepatitis C (CHC), apart from liver injury, is characterized by a wide spectrum of extrahepatic manifestations; eye tissues being no exception. In CHC, there are changes in both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye, the clinical features of which are given in this review.

This review considers the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the process of microbial biofilm formation. It gives examples of the mutually advantageous existence of microorganisms, which belong to different taxa, in a biofilm community. The aim of the review is to analyze the promising areas of combating microbial biofilms on the biotic surfaces, which are alternative and/or complementary traditional methods for antimicrobial therapy.

Objective. To evaluate the efficiency and safety of 12-week therapy with paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir and dasabuvir in patients with cirrhosis at the outcome of genotype 1b chronic hepatitis C. Subjects and methods. The study included 12 patients with classes A and B cirrhosis who had previously untreated or failed to respond to therapy with IFN-containing regimens. All the patients received paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir (75/50/12.5 mg) 2 tablets once daily and dasabuvir (250 mg) 1 tablet twice daily for 12 weeks. Results. All the 12 patients completed a full therapy cycle. A sustained virologie response was obtained in all the patients at 12 and 24 weeks after treatment completion The most common adverse events were weakness (33%) and headache (33%). Conclusion. The results of therapy with paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir and dasabuvir allow it to be regarded as highly effective and safe for patients with HCV-related cirrhosis.

The State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service was set up according to the decree «On the sanitary authorities of the Republic» dated 15 September 1922. The paper gives materials on the organization of the sanitary-epidemiological service in the Krasnoyarsk Region, on the development of a network of sanitary and anti-epidemic institutions and measures aimed at improving the sanitary and epidemiological status. Work under the supervision of S.I. Nozik with the participation of specialists of leading research institutes in the region was done to study infectious and parasitic diseases for the development and implementation of preventive and anti-epidemic measures in the area of construction of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station and subsequently for the population of the region. The contribution of the heads of the sanitary and epidemiological service to sanitary and epidemiological welfare in the region is noted.