Vol 25, No 6 (2023)

The article presents a general description of the post-non-classical picture of the world, analyzes the basic principles of the synergetic paradigm, scientific and psychological-pedagogical literature on the implementation of the conceptual foundations of the new scientific paradigm in the educational process of higher education. Based on the experience of teaching the discipline “Natural Science Picture of the World” at the Samara State Social Pedagogical University, a new approach is proposed in the natural science education of students of a higher pedagogical school. The main attention is paid to the issue of creating and introducing into the pedagogical process individual educational routes in the natural sciences education of humanities students. The authors proposed an original model of an individual educational route, described the constituent components of the model (target, organizational-pedagogical, activity-based, content-based, diagnostic), and analyzed the conditions for the implementation of this technology. We concluded that it is necessary to search for new approaches in natural science education in the context of the transition to a new paradigm, and about the effectiveness of the technology of an individual educational route in the professional training of a future teacher. During the research, methods such as analysis of scientific and pedagogical literature, historical and pedagogical analysis, conversation and pedagogical observation, individual diagnostics, modeling, comparison, generalization, analysis of reflective situations, testing, and questioning were used. The results of pedagogical research can be used in the educational process of a higher pedagogical school.

The article clarifies the concepts of "mentor" and "mentoring", indicates their relevance and sufficient novelty of use. It is shown that these concepts undergo changes over time. As an example of mentoring of trainees, the educational practice conducted at the Institute of Engines and Power Plants of Samara University, where the head of the practice acts as a mentor, is considered. The importance of the role of mentors in the training of personnel for students during the educational practice during their studies at the university was noted. As an example, an excursion to the heavy engineering enterprise of JSC Tyazhmash, conducted as part of a training practice in an experimental group (EG), is considered. In the control group (KG), the training practice is conducted without an excursion to the enterprise. In the process of conducting an excursion within the framework of practice, the superficial interest in the EG in the chosen specialty develops into a deep and creative one. The article also notes that qualified and patriotic personnel should be trained in the process of studying at the university. As follows from student reports on practice, interest in the chosen specialty has grown. The students received a lesson in patriotic education, and this will undoubtedly strengthen their pride both in the country as a whole and in their small homeland - the Kuibyshev (now Samara) region.

Translation is an effective tool for interaction between representatives of different cultures. Translation from English into Russian is traditionally considered simpler than translation from Russian into English. However, in the process of written translation as part of practical classes and reporting assignments for translation (workshops and practices), students of non-linguistic universities studying in various areas, make a lot of mistakes. This article is devoted to the analysis of the most common mistakes. The authors of the article give a classification of mistakes made by the students when using different electronic translation programs and applications. It helps to determine which sphere of meaning of the translation is affected by specific mistakes. Each group is distinguished on the basis of the most frequent occurrence during practical classes devoted to the translation of texts from English into Russian. It is also emphasized that the misinterpretation and use of individual words lead to translation distortion of the whole sentences and paragraphs, which, in turn, change the meaning of the whole passage or text. In the process of teaching the practical aspect of translation to students of non-linguistic majors, we noted some features associated with the use of programs that allow full-text translation of any source. It is proved that the predominant majority of such problems is due to the active use of full-text translation services, and not dictionaries. Examples of tasks for practicing translation in order to overcome such mistakes are described.

The paper considers the research methods as well as the results of expert studies to assess individual components of the set of professional interpersonal communicative competencies of railway technical school students trained to work as team leaders in building and repairing railway tracks. The authors stress the significance and high social value of the set of professional interpersonal communicative competencies, which are vitally important to successfully perform team leaders’ technical and managerial duties. Statistical analysis of expert data allowed the authors to select three scientifically based components of the set of professional interpersonal communicative competencies necessary in the work of railway construction team leaders: their ability to work in a group, effectively and efficiently managing production activities; their ability to maintain business and empathic relationships with partners and subordinates; proficiency in the use of different types of speech communication (monologues, dialogues, discussions, debates, etc.). The article scientifically substantiates the set of professional interpersonal communicative competencies used as a goal-setting in the competence-modular technology aimed at forming professional interpersonal communicative competencies of railway technical school students.

At the turn of the XX-XI centuries, humanity received a unique opportunity for network communication. Having a powerful self-organizing potential, it offered unlimited horizons for the production and broadcasting of operational information, which became available to the maximum number of participants-communicants connected to the network. At the same time, inclusion in the information network in modern society is considered a sign of status, success, presentability. It is obvious that this potential is capable of not only informing, but also involving the audience in active activity in the shortest possible time. The claim for additional activities opens the account of socio-cultural challenges. Network communication becomes a kind of "algorithm factory" of not always prosocial action outside the network environment. Having absorbed all the advanced expressive means of TV and methods of their formation, network communication has acquired a huge resource for influencing the consciousness of the audience. Aesthetic challenges about due to the contradictory nature of media access in the conditions of network media communication. The aesthetic metamorphoses are also influenced by the systemic constant signs and socio-cultural models of network media communication behavior that we have discovered. In the light of their functionality, a large-scale influence on the chronotope of network media communication is noted. Which in turn leads to an aesthetic imbalance of its ontological essence.

In the article, the author conducts a comparative analysis of the situation with nutrition and the state of gastronomic culture in the USSR and some foreign countries (mainly in the USA, as the ancestor of the world crisis of 1929). The chronological framework is defined by the period of the 1920s-1930s. The author explores to a greater extent the famine in the USSR, since it is one of the most controversial issues in science, especially in history, since the question is still being raised: was it the genocide of the Ukrainian people or a universal problem of the peoples of the USSR. However, the article does not pursue the purpose of research and preparation of an answer to this question, therefore, the paper presents the opinions of scientists on how nutrition was carried out during that period, both the Ukrainian people and other SSR. I would especially like to note the participation of the state in the formation of such a situation, since the forcible rejection of market relations and the "construction" of communism, in our opinion and the opinion of other scientists, led to total hunger in some areas of the Union, and to a lack of nutrition in others. Therefore, as the author concludes, during this period, the gastronomic culture can be called a culture of hunger – all the actions of the population were aimed at survival, a number of representatives returned to taboo ways of eating (cannibalism), there were certain rules in the actions and analysis of their behavior (seemingly primitive). The situation was different in foreign countries. As the analysis showed, the famine in Europe and the United States was caused by other reasons – the economic crisis. At the same time, the leaders of foreign states tried to adjust the nutrition of the population by organizing a centralized body. A similar situation developed in the USSR, only the All-Union Society of National Nutrition was called not to correct, but to control the consumption of food by the population. As for the state of gastronomic culture in foreign countries, the author believes that its orientation was indicated by the need to survive in conditions of austerity and lack of livelihood. But at the same time, the culture associated with nutrition still existed – middle–class people, marginals, the military - all these categories ate in their own way, there was differentiation, unlike the population in the USSR.

The article focuses on such ambiguous manifestations of Shalamov's attitude to life as the denial of the value of communication with several people, fidelity to one as an ideal figure. On the other hand, there is a sincere acceptance of people close to him in spirit, a desire to help and support them. Shalamov was disappointed in people, in the human race in general. But at the same time, he went on a demonstration in defense of A. Sinyavsky and Y. Daniel, wrote detailed and interested letters about Doctor Zhivago to B. Pasternak and about One Day ... to A. Solzhenitsyn. A notable worldview oxymoron, which is addressed in this study, is the problem of faith, the religiosity of the writer. The antagonism of the real camp world prompted V. Shalamov in creating an artistic model to use the contrast technique at different levels of plot and poetics.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the image of a window and its functions in the prose works of S. Krzhizhanovsky. The relevance of the study is driven by the important role of this image in modeling the artistic space of the text, in the development of the plot and in creating the character of the hero, in revealing the philosophical and aesthetic problems that determine the uniqueness of the writer’s works. The article demonstrates that the window becomes for the hero not only an “insurmountable boundary” that does not allow him to leave the “minus” space saturated with trouble, as V.N. Toporov wrote about. Cases where the use of this image performs the function of expanding space and creating ecphrasis are considered. It is shown that the success of overcoming the window boundary is due to the genre features of Krzhizhanovsky’s works and the type of hero, which is different in the writer’s short stories and essays. It is demonstrated that Krzhizhanovsky’s window not only models space, but also expands artistic time (“Memories of the Future”). The article also analyzes examples of metaphorization of an image and explores its world-modeling function, which shapes the character and personality of the character and generates the plot of the work. The image of a window in Krzhizhanovsky is considered in the context of intertextual connections with literature of the 19th-20th centuries.