Vol 8, No 2 (2018)

The results of a computational and analytical study of the carrying capacity of various variants of short piles used in low-rise construction are presented. The relevance of the topic of work is determined by the current situation in the fi eld of individual housing construction. The most common pile foundations in this direction of construction are considered. Two alternative designs and technologies for piling are proposed. A comparative analysis of the bearing capacity of the piles proposed by the authors with the most common variants is made. The materials of the publication refl ect the eff ectiveness of the proposed designs and suggest continuation of research in this direction.

The results of water quality monitoring of the Saratov reservoir for the period 2000-2016 are presented. Observations were carried out monthly at a stationary station located in the lower tail of the Zhigulevskaya HPP. It is established that the quality of water in the source of water supply is characterized by signifi cant seasonal variability. During the mass development of algae the organic contamination of the reservoir increases and the concentration of nutrients decreases. Excessive content of organic substances in the summer low water complicates the technological processes of water purifi cation. It is concluded that phosphate is the limiting factor restraining the mass development of algae, the concentration of which in the peak of “fl owering” of water is reduced to almost zero.

On the base of the system analysis of technical literature and regulatory documentation on the sewerage of sett lements and industrial enterprises it is established that in the history of the development of sanitary equipment for the period from the middle of the 19th century onwards up to the present time it is possible to roughly distinguish fi ve stages diff ering from each other in that for a certain period of time in developed countries a certain system of theoretical and normative provisions on the collection, removal and disposal of sewage water dominated. In the fi rst quarter of the XX century the generally accepted paradigm is the method of sewerage of sett lements by a centralized scheme with the installation of communal sewage treatment plants by a biological method. At the beginning of the XXI century there is a paradigm shift in the collection, management and purifi cation of domestic wastewater due to the resumption of search for resource-saving technologies that reduce the emission of pollutants into the environment through the introduction of technological solutions for the separation of domestic (sanitary) wastewater into separate fl ows for the purpose production from waste water components of secondary products. In the short term, after the development and approval of normative documents regulating the basic sanitary rules and technological norms for the introduction of advanced modifi ed technologies for the separation of human excrement and household wastewater with the purpose of separate treatment with the disposal of sewage components, a gradual transition from a centralized to a decentralized separate sewerage system will be carried out domestic and sanitary sewage.

A variant of using low-melting clays for the production of clinker products is considered. In this case it is customary to modify the charge with additives, refractory and refractory clays. A promising approach is to use a relatively small amount of additive with correction of the fi ring regime. The composition of clinker mass with a complex alumina additive based on industrial waste products is optimized and developed. The W-SID method including preliminary discrete fi ring, diff erential thermal analysis and compression strength test provides diagrams that give a complete picture of the relationship between the amount of the complex additive in the charge and the fi ring regime.

A brief description of the water in the Samara River is given. The data on hydrochemical parameters of the river water for the period 2005-2015 are given. Indicators are marked out, sharply changing their values in the period under review. For such studies the indicator-the oxygen concentration-was selected. It was revealed with the help of statistical methods that the series of observations under consideration is divided into two samples with diff erent sample averages. It is graphically proved that the sharp jump in oxygen concentration was due to the infl uence of solar activity. The dependence of the sulfate content in the Samara River on solar activity for the period from 2005 to 2015 was studied. Calculations have been made that prove the hypothesis of the infl uence of solar activity on the hydrochemical composition of the water of the Samara River.

The article deals with the design methodology invented by the French architect Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand as a machine of mass production of architecture. The author describes the historical and temporal background which determined the requirements for the design and construction of a large number of public buildings. The historical parallel between diff erent epochs when urban expansion became the reason for the invention of methods of high-speed and simple design of various objects is studied. Duran’s methodology is described based on the analysis of two theoretical works. The positive and negative aspects of the project approach based on such methodology are investigated. The role of Duran’s work in the process of creating architecture for the modern city is established.

The history of typological development of apartment houses of sectional type is considered as the most complex, constantly developing housing on the territory of Russia. Particular attention is paid to the search for economical sectional houses with small apartments for further mass construction and experimental design work for the sett lement and their introduction in the pilot demonstration and experimental construction of the 9th and 12th microdistricts of Moscow. The system of stage-by-stage development of mass housing in the territory of Russia is disclosed until the 1990s. and in subsequent periods. It is proposed to single out six main stages in the development of mass housing with the defi nition of characteristic features for each stage. The euphoria of the construction of residential apartments and houses which was observed in the 90’s. has passed and at the present time the seventh stage in the development of residential buildings is being formed but this stage requires its solution and comprehension.

The article deals with the evolution of the environmental consciousness of the population of a megapolis in the conditions of the development of the postindustrial epoch of town planning, when such concepts as “the att ractiveness of the city, the prestige of the address of residence, the ecological background, the level of improvement” become indicators of the level of its development. The author reveals the basics of the contradiction between the creative qualities of the above factors and their dominant characteristics that facilitate the emergence of a megapolis on the international market for competition and investment. The search for regularities in the development of the spatial-functional environment of the megapolis is actualized depending on the specifi city and level of the environmental consciousness and behavior of the townspeople. The author analyzes modern approaches to the formation in the megalopolis of “creative industries”, which are creative activities, including urban design, advertising, architecture, crafts, furniture design, clothing design and design, cinema and video, graphic design, museums and architectural heritage, Fine arts, music, television, radio and the Internet.

The problems of renovation of urban public spaces of modern megacities are considered with the introduction of new functions and more active inclusion of transport infrastructure in the design process in order to att ract the visitors. Positive examples of such an integrated approach in foreign projects are given. Questions of technically and aesthetically competent landscaping of large cities are being raised. The data of the accounting of the volumes of landscaping of the city of Samara are given, they are compared with the generally accepted standards of gardening. The shortcomings of the domestic practice of point-like landscaping of megacities and methods for solving environmental and other problems with the help of landscape design are exemplifi ed by the example of Samara.