Acesso aberto Acesso aberto  Acesso é fechado Acesso está concedido  Acesso é fechado Acesso é pago ou somente para assinantes

Volume 6, Nº 2 (2024)

Capa

Edição completa

Acesso aberto Acesso aberto
Acesso é fechado Acesso está concedido
Acesso é fechado Acesso é pago ou somente para assinantes

DEBATING ISSUES OF HISTORY

Russian Revolutionaries and Russian Old Believers: From Sympathy to Repression. Part 2. Old Believers, Narodniks and Marxists

Kerov V.

Resumo

The purpose of this work is to clarify the reality or mythology of the position about the active participation of Old Believers in the anti-government movement in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. An analysis of sources showed that the Old Believers never took an anti-state position, showing only their loyalty to state power. During the period under review they rejected the revolutionaries' claims to cooperation. Only during the Civil War did the Old Believers side with one of the warring parties, which, in the absence of a single supreme power, cannot be assessed as anti-state activity. Soon after the Bolshevik victory, the Old Believers took an unambiguously favorable position towards the Soviet regime, despite the previous brutal repressions. At the same time, the Russian revolutionary intelligentsia during the second half of the 19th century retained illusions regarding the Old Believers and unsuccessfully tried to attract them to the fight against the samoderzhaviye. The democratic revolutionaries of the 60s turned to the clergy of the Old Believers, and the populist revolutionaries of the 70s also tried to work with the broad Old Believer masses, primarily peasants, to no avail.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):14-21
pages 14-21 views

Specifics of Russia’s Early Industrial Development under Interstate Rivalry, 18th — Early 20th Centuries

Didenko D.

Resumo

The purpose of the study is to identify the characteristics of the Russian proto-industrialization and the early stage of industrial development, based on systematization of the findings in the previous studies, and to express our findings in terms of the new institutional economic history, which was employed as the theoretical and methodological basis of the work. We update the concepts of military modernization and national military power as a maximand of economic policy. We analyze interactions between the government and market forces, the formation of industrial policy in relations to general political, military and fiscal needs of the state. Other social subjects of the Russian (proto-)industrialization are identified: entrepreneurs from the nobility, serf industrialists, members of religious sectarian groups (mainly of the ‘Old Believers’), certain ethnic groups (Germans, Jews), foreign entrepreneurs (or of foreign origin), scientists and inventors. Special reference is attributed to the knowledge production sector, primarily to the creation of institutions for patenting inventions. We discuss the argument by A. Gerschenkron on the advantages of Russia’s backwardness for her catching-up development. In concluding remarks the author formulates Smithian (related to the division of labor and specialization) and Northian (institutional) driving factors of economic growth during the Russian (proto-)industrialization. By analyzing the Northian factors, the author distinguishes between “idealistic” (influence of culture, ideology or social norms) and “stimulating” (influence of material or non-material motivations) approaches. The overall finding is that industrialization in the Russian Empire was carried out through preservation and strengthening of the established institutions, which proved relatively effective in addressing immediate problems but hampered development in the long run.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):22-29
pages 22-29 views

About the Synchronization of Russian History and Europe in the XX Century: Lenin, Trotsky, Milyukov

Ilizarov B.

Resumo

The historiosophical concepts of Miliukov, Lenin, and Trotsky are considered. A connection is established between their concepts of history and the transformation of Russia and the pre-revolutionary ideological tradition of Westerners and Slavophiles. The question is raised about further understanding of Stalin’s plan for «building socialism in one country».

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):30-39
pages 30-39 views

HISTORY OF RUSSIA

Formation of a Regional Mining Management Structure in Russia in the 19th — Early 20th Centuries

Neklyudov E.

Resumo

The purpose of the research. The process of forming the regional structure of the mining department is considered in the context of the implementation of two reforms of the organizational foundations of the Russian mining industry in the 19th — early 20th centuries. The basis of the study is a structural and functional analysis, which allows us to dynamically trace changes in the organization of regional institutions of the mining department. The research is based on thematic scientific literature and legislative acts from the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire.

Results. The analysis showed that having emerged in its new format in 1807, the department retained it until the end of the imperial period, developing towards increasing the number of its regional bodies from two to eight, which was a consequence of the development of the sectoral and spatial organization of the mining industry. Moreover, in the 1860s the structure and functionality of these institutions changed significantly, freed from the previous «non-core» responsibilities (social, judicial and police) and aimed at managing state-owned factories and supervising private industry. It is concluded that the state of the mining department in the first half of the 19th century corresponded to the proto-industrial level of development of the mining industry with its «serf-like» social organization and relatively slow pace of development, while the appearance of the department, emerging in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries, was already correlated with the early industrial level of industry with dynamically developing entrepreneurship and its spread over the vast territory of the empire.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):40-45
pages 40-45 views

Social Aspects of Electrification in the Ural on the Eve of the Great Patriotic War

Zhuravleva V., Miroshnichenko M., Paletskikh N.

Resumo

The purpose of this article is to consider some social aspects of the electrification process in the Urals in the pre-war period (1938–1941). The choice of topic is explained not only by its relevance, but also by insufficient knowledge. Foreign historiography of related issues includes works by such authors as G. Goodey, R. Klein, D. Nye, who focus on the sociocultural significance of the introduction of new technologies. To solve the stated problem, a source base was formed, consisting of archival documents and materials from local periodicals. The theoretical basis of the study is the hypothesis of pre-war Soviet society as a modernizing mobilization-type society. The processes of electrical construction, radio installation, and film installation in the urban and rural areas of the Greater Urals during the years of the Third Five-Year Plan are shown. The level of energy supply to social facilities is characterized, and shortcomings in the energy supply to the population are noted. It is concluded that the totality of social consequences of electrification can be qualified as an increase in social resources aimed at protecting and further developing Soviet civilization.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):46-51
pages 46-51 views

Sverdlovsk and Perm Railways in 1941–1945: Patriotic Movement of Ural Railway Workers

Speransky A.

Resumo

The paper analyses the level of socio-political consciousness of workers of the Sverdlovsk and Perm railways during the Great Patriotic War. The paper shows that Ural railway workers made a significant contribution to the process of forming an indissoluble unity of the front and rear, both by achieving high production indicators and by actively participating in the patriotic movement. The paper also provides a detailed description of participation of railway workers in their free time in subbotnik (Saturday clean-up) and voskresnik (Sunday clean-up), in raising funds for the Defence Fund, in sending warm clothes and gifts for front-line soldiers, and in helping areas of the USSR liberated from the German occupiers. The paper focuses on the formation of special-purpose trains as an important area of military-patriotic activity of the Ural railway workers during the Great Patriotic War. In addition, the paper notes that armoured trains, military sanitary trains and bath trains, created during off-duty hours with money received because of patriotic events, were the necessary material embodiment of gratuitous support for soldiers and commanders of the Red Army from home front workers. The paper concludes that the high level of ideological and political motivation of employees of the Sverdlovsk and Perm railways contributed to their effective work, bringing victory over the hated enemy closer.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):52-58
pages 52-58 views

Tractor Fleet of State Farms of the Ural as an Important Component Part their Material Base

Motrevich V., Mamyachenkov V.

Resumo

The topic of the article is relevant, which is due to the great enduring interest shown by Russian society in the historical period studied in the article. The purpose of writing the work was to study the qualitative and quantitative dynamics of the tractor fleet of state farms in the Urals in the first post-war five-year period (1946–1950) in one of the most interesting and problematic periods in the history of the Soviet state. The novelty of the research is ensured by the use of materials from one of the leading federal archives — the Russian State Archive of Economics (RGEA). It is stated that the emergence of this industry in the USSR dates back to 1923, when the production of Fordson-Putilovets tractors began at the Krasny Putilovets plant (now the Leningrad association Kirov Plant) under a license from the American company Ford. Attention is focused on the fact that it was tractors, along with other agricultural machinery, that formed the basis of the machine park of state farms (Soviet farms). It is proved that the ineffectiveness of the use of fixed assets by state farms was largely determined by the low level of use of their tractor fleet. It is concluded that in the first post-war five-year period, the tractor fleet of the Ural state farms with great difficulty overcame the severe consequences of the Great Patriotic War and was, in fact, in its infancy.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):59-70
pages 59-70 views

The Amnesty of 1953 and its Impact on the Crime Situation in the Middle Urals Based on the Materials of Special Reports from the State Security Agencies

Sharavyev P.

Resumo

The article, based on digital and analytical material from the declassified archives of the Russian FSB Directorate for the Sverdlovsk region, provides an analysis of the 1953 amnesty as a social phenomenon that had a significant impact on the socio-political situation in the Middle Urals. The qualitative composition of amnestied persons, their distribution by place of permanent residence, and the number of crimes committed are considered. The opinions of the population on the aims of the amnesty, the progress of its implementation, and the results recorded by the sources of the state security agencies are presented. The intensification of the Gypsy camps, which traditionally live in the region, is pointed out. The author concludes on the influence of the 1953 amnesty on the increase in the number of crimes committed by young people, including Komsomol members. The reasons for this were to be found both in post-war demography (single-parent families, fatherlessness) and in the romanticisation of the environment of thieves. Young hooligans often committed group crimes. Unprepared for the social consequences of the amnesty, which was in fact a political event, the party and state authorities tried to adjust their policies towards those amnestied who continued their criminal activities. However, despite this and the efforts of law enforcement agencies, the problem of high crime rates remained relevant for the inhabitants of the cities of the Sverdlovsk Region until the end of 1953.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):71-77
pages 71-77 views

ECONOMIC HISTORY

About the Achievements and Factors that Determined the Slowdown in the Development of the USSR Oil and Gas Complex at the Turn of the 1960–1970

Bodrova E., Kalinov V., Krasivskaya V.

Resumo

The purpose of the publication is a study based on the study of archival documents of the problem of the development of the oil and gas complex of the USSR in the second half of the 1960s — early 1970s, the factors that determined the lag of the industry in a number of indicators from the leading countries are identified. The conclusions are formulated that, along with huge achievements due to managerial miscalculations, it was not possible to overcome the shortage of high-quality special equipment, the shortage of qualified personnel, and to introduce the most modern computing technology in processing the results of geological exploration. The reasons for the difficulties are the departmental approach, insufficient investments, and objective difficulties associated with the development of new hard-to-reach regions. In the same row: the lack of effective interaction between industry and academic science, slow implementation of the results of developments in production. It is proved that experts specifically stipulated the need for special measures aimed at ensuring drilling in the regions of Siberia, the North and the Far East. The recommendations of scientists and industry experts were designed to help ensure the development of oil provinces in a shorter time and increase the efficiency of exploration for oil and gas. However, the conclusions of the academic community, gas and oil workers were often ignored.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):78-85
pages 78-85 views

SOCIOCULTURAL COMMUNICATIONS IN THE PAST AND PRESENT

The World of Services and Things in the Soviet Press of the 1920s — 1930s

Klinova M., Trofimov A.

Resumo

The purpose of the study. The article attempts to reconstruct the figurative series of standards of material consumption of the urban population of the USSR, presented in the Soviet press of the 1920s–1930s. Conclusions. The content of the standards of material consumption was determined by the ideological vector (building socialism"), directly depended on the dynamics of socio-economic development, the success of modernization processes. In the USSR in the 1920s–1930s, significant transformations took place in the specifics and content of the standards of material consumption of the population. In the 1920s, the content of the Soviet press was dominated by an emphasis on breaking with the pre-revolutionary past, proclaiming simplicity and the absence of material fetishism. In the 1930s, priorities changed. The world of things is recognized as a necessary component of the Soviet man. Fashion and advertising in the second half of the 1930s formed a fairly high standard of material consumption, although the real level of provision of goods to the population was significantly inferior.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):86-91
pages 86-91 views

Sverdlovsk City Discussion Platform: A Phenomenon of Socio-Political Life of the Late Soviet Era

Bardin A.

Resumo

The first article presents the results of a study of the Sverdlovsk city discussion platform, which existed in the 1987–1990s. in Sverdlovsk, which had a great influence on the socio-political life of the Urals during the years of perestroika. The article makes an attempt to identify the preferences of its manifestation, highlight the stages of its activity and determine its role in the socio-political life of the region. Based on identified historical sources (constituent documents of public organizations, documents of the Sverdlovsk city committee and regional committee of the CPSU, evidence from local periodicals, as well as memories of eyewitnesses and participants in the events), the evolution of the financial requirements of the project of the Sverdlovsk city committee of the CPSU, unique by Union standards, was reconstructed. It is concluded that the Sverdlovsk city discussion tribune, having gotten out of control due to the events in Berlin of perestroika, turned into a mass opposition-communist social movement.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):92-99
pages 92-99 views

DEBATING ISSUES OF GENERAL HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Activities of the Entente Military Missions in Latvia in 1919

Zazerskaya T.

Resumo

Purpose of the study. The article examines the balance of forces that developed in the territory of today’s Latvia after the end of the First World War. The purpose of the article is to study the political situation in 1919 and the military operations between German volunteer units, Landeswehr, Red Army troops, White Guard formations, national armies of Latvia and Estonia. Under these conditions, the Entente countries, led by France and Great Britain, assumed a leading role in solving the German question and the subsequent evacuation of the remaining German formations after the Great War. For this purpose, several military missions of allied countries were sent to Latvia in 1919.

Conclusions. As a result of the study, the author concludes that each of the victorious countries in the Great War considered itself entitled to determine the fate of small nations that had received the right to self-determination. While French diplomacy was not in a hurry to recognize Latvia internationally, hoping for the revival of «democratic» Russia, which would return the Baltic provinces to its fold, Great Britain prioritized its economic interests in the Baltic Sea and was ready to take Latvia under its control.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):100-105
pages 100-105 views

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Information Publications: History of Creation and Development

Zakharov D., Zapariy Y.

Resumo

The article traces the history of the emergence and development of official periodicals of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). During the study, it was possible to establish the reasons for the need for such publications and their connection with other information materials of the ICRC. In addition, the publications allow us to trace changes in the Committee’s communication policy with the outside world: there is a transition from an academically oriented journal to newsletters, the purpose of which is to maintain a positive image of the organization through the publication of personal examples and stories of employees, which, in theory, greatly simplifies the understanding of the essence of the ICRC’s activities among mass readers.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):106-110
pages 106-110 views

The Impact of the Ukraine Crisis on Relations between Russia and Turkey

Pospelov N.

Resumo

The article considers the problem of conflict resolution in Ukraine the importance of which cannot be overestimated at the present stage. The entry of Crimea into Russia, the imposition of economic sanctions by EU member states and the launch of a special military operation have caused a discussion in the international community. Turkey does not stand aside and pursues its own foreign policy course. Despite its desire to play a peacekeeping role in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict ensuring the territorial integrity of Ukraine comes to the fore. The complex and ambiguous interaction between Moscow and Ankara in the post-Soviet space does not allow achieving Results.  On the one hand the Turkish leadership stands for resolving the crisis in Ukraine and on the other hand recognizes the annexation of Crimea, Donetsk, Lugansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions to Russia as illegal. Overcoming differences between Moscow and Ankara is a priority but in order to reach a compromise it is necessary to reconsider the foreign policy course. The special military operation on the 24-th of February of 2022 was the beginning of a new stage in the development of bilateral relations and made it possible to define views on the problem of conflict resolution in Ukraine. R.T. Erdogan's interest in maintaining friendly contacts with V.A. Zelensky is of concern to Moscow. The purpose of the article is to determine the impact of the Ukrainian crisis on relations between Russia and Turkey.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):111-116
pages 111-116 views

Türkiye's Position in the Syrian Conflict and the Role of the Russian Federation

Ismayilova E.

Resumo

This article aims to explore the dynamics of the relationship between Türkiye and Russia concerning the Syrian conflict, identifying areas of convergence and divergence in their interests. Given the persistent security concerns posed by the Syrian conflict, the study employs various methodologies including historical, sociological, institutional, and comparative analysis. It delves into the regional processes, each country’s stance, and their interactions in resolving the Syrian crisis. The article identifies sources of internal instability and assesses potential challenges both nations might confront in case of further escalation. Special emphasis is placed on examining the obstacles and prospects for enhancing Russian-Turkish relations in this context. The analysis reveals that despite the dismantling of the «Islamic State’s» «caliphate» in Syria, external actors remain invested in controlling occupied territories to influence conflict resolution. Geopolitical competition and regional politics emerge as key factors shaping relations between two states in the Syrian context. Nonetheless, both parties exhibit a preference for dialogue over conflict escalation in addressing emerging issues.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):117-125
pages 117-125 views

Political Discord in Egypt’s Constitutional Transformation Process in 2012–2013

Dombrovskiy P.

Resumo

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors of the political discord in Egyptian society that followed from the end of 2012 to the summer of 2013 in the context of the confrontation for power in the country in the 2011–2013s. by two players: the army leadership represented by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces and the Muslim Brotherhood Islamist movement (an extremist organization banned in the Russian Federation) represented by the Freedom and Justice Party. According to the results of the analysis, it is recorded that the political discord in Egypt's society is formed in response to the activities of the Islamist government led by President Mohammed Morsi. The «project» of state transformation proposed and implemented (for a short time) by them was reactionary, as it was aimed at eliminating SCAF’s constitutional declarations designed in 2011–2012s. to limit powers of newly elected politicians. Their involving into the regulatory and legal field is regarded in this work as a key factor in the subsequent next round of the political crisis of the Arab Spring. To eliminate them, the M. Morsi’s government focuses on the formation of its own full-fledged constitution, designed to change the balance of power in political system. However, this is regarded by the politically active part of society as an attempt to usurp power and build an Islamic dictatorship in the end.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):126-135
pages 126-135 views

HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The Life and Work of V.E. Grum-Grzhimailo (1864–1928) in Literature and Sources: To the 160th Anniversary of His Birth

Kamynin V.

Resumo

The article examines the question of how the study of the life path and activities of the famous Russian scientist metallurgist V.E. Grum-Grzhimailo and the source base about him were formed. The author of the article came to the conclusion that V.E. Grum-Grzhimailo has been attracting the close attention of metallurgists, historians, local historians, journalists, and writers for many decades. Interest in this person is aroused by the outstanding personality of the scientist, the scientific contribution of the scientist to metallurgy, the vicissitudes of his life. The literature on V.E. Grum-Grzhimailo is extensive and diverse. It includes studies of the scientist's biography, articles devoted to the study of various episodes of the scientist's life and work. V.E. Grum-Grzhimailo's assessments in the literature are often diametrically opposed: from enthusiastic to highly critical. They depended on the time of writing about the scientist. There are many inaccuracies and discrepancies in the interpretation of various facts of his biography in the literature. Sources that are numerous and diverse in types help to understand the historiographical heritage about the life and work of V.E. Grum-Grzhimailo. The first group of sources is the scientific heritage of the metallurgical scientist. The second group of sources consists of documents by V.E. Grum-Grzhimailo related to his official and teaching activities. The third most extensive group of sources is the epistolary legacy of the metallurgical scientist. The fourth group of sources consists of documents of personal origin. They are divided into two parts. The first part includes memoirs, questionnaires, and an autobiography compiled by the scientist himself at various times. The second part of the documents of personal origin consists of memories of V.E. Grum-Grzhimailo.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):136-142
pages 136-142 views

DOCUMENTARIES, DOCUMENTATION, ARCHIVAL STUDIES

Campaign to Close Churches in the Second Half of the 1920s and Early 1930s Based on Historical and Documentary Materials Egoryevsky District, Moscow Region

Grishin A.

Resumo

The article presents previously unpublished documents about the implementation of the campaign to close churches in the second half of the 20s and early 30s. XX century on the territory of the Yegoryevsky district of the Moscow region. The purpose of the article is an attempt to trace the process of implementing the national line of state-church relations on the territory of an ordinary provincial town and its office-working features at different stages of the Campaign. Having before my eyes a detailed picture of state-church relations in the twentieth century. on a national scale, its regional context often remains outside the field of historical research. At the same time, it is the analysis of the clerical component of state-church relations on the territory of individual provincial cities that gives us the opportunity to fully imagine the fate of many of our compatriots who completed their journey at the Butovo training ground in 1937. The article provides an analysis of the clerical process of closing individual parishes in territory of Yegoryevsk before and after 1929. Reconstructing them on the basis of previously unpublished documents from the Central State Archive of the Russian Federation, the author identified the main distinctive features of these processes, due to the gradual swing of the repressive pendulum.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):143-147
pages 143-147 views

HISTORIOGRAPHY

The Great Reforms in Modern Russian Historiography: Pessimistic and Optimistic Models

Speransky P.

Resumo

The paper provides a historiographical analysis of the views of modern Russian authors on the problems of the Great Reforms. The paper notes that modern historiography has accumulated a large number of research works devoted to the analysis of the prerequisites, content, course and results of the transformations of the 1860s — 1870s. The paper concludes that Russian historiography has a wide range of assessments of the reforms of this period, both positive and negative content. The discussion of «pessimists» and «optimists» contributed to the increment of historical knowledge, during which new historical approaches were worked out and some historiographical gaps were filled.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):148-153
pages 148-153 views

Help of the Union Republics in the Restoration of Industry of the BSSR in the First Post-War Years: Historiography of the Issue

Zapariy V., Hetsevich A., Yarmak Y., Zaitseva E.

Resumo

The article analyzes the study of issues of economic recovery of the BSSR in the post-war period. It is noted that in the process of restoring peaceful life, factors such as the labor heroism of Soviet citizens, assistance from Soviet republics, and reparations played a decisive role. As part of the study, an analysis of the literature devoted to the issues of post-war economic recovery of the BSSR was carried out. A special feature of this article is the consideration of both Soviet, Russian and Belarusian historiography. The authors turn to the works of the second half of the 20th century, starting from the time of liberation of the territory of the BSSR from the Nazi invaders and completing their review with Belarusian works written in the first quarter of the 21st century.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):154-161
pages 154-161 views

Book Review: Melnikova N. V. Soviet Atomic Project: Staffing Experience / ed. by E. T. Artemov. — Moscow: Politicheskaya Enciklopediya, 2022. — 390 p.

Zapariy V.

Resumo

The review was written on a monograph by N.V. Melnikova, a well-known specialist in the history of the nuclear project, an employee of the Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The book is devoted to the staffing of this work of the Soviet Union, in which the author, for the first time in national, and not only historiography, considers this issue. A conclusion is drawn about the validity of the research and comprehensive coverage of the issue of staffing the nuclear project. The monograph is highly appreciated.

History and Modern Perspectives. 2024;6(2):162-166
pages 162-166 views