卷 82, 编号 4 (2021)

Редакция журнала «Средние века: Исследования по истории Средневековья и раннего Нового времени» поздравляют с юбилеем Елену Александровну Мельникову.

In this study, the author focuses on the development of ecclesiastical law and its role within the Duchy of Bohemia, and the Kingdom of Bohemia. The development of ecclesiastical law within the Czech lands during the Middle Ages can be attributed a number of phases. The first phase is the early period of the Duchy of Bohemia. An important document from this period is the Břetislav, or Gniezno, Decrees. These are evidence of an attempt at eradicating the relics of non-Christian customs within Czech society. One limitation on the development of ecclesiastical administration was the fact that during this early period, individual churches were the property of their founders; the Church did not have control of churches or of priests. Major reforms in his diocese were implemented by Bishop Jindřich Zdík of Olomouc (1126–1150). Copies of the important ecclesiastical law collections of Burchard of Worms and Ivo of Chartres were produced in his Olomouc scriptorium. Until the start of the 13th century, the bishop held the status of Chaplain of the Duke. Subsequently, the bishop’s status began to change. His choice of cathedral chapter was recognised. The impulse for further change was provided by Bishop Ondřej II of Prague’s struggle to implement the basic postulates of the Fourth Lateran Council and the papal programme within the Diocese of Prague. The entire thirteenth century and the first half of the 14th century were marked by the implementation of new rules into the life of society. These involved judicial immunity for Church possessions, the law of patronage, and judicial exemption for the clergy. The influence of the Church and ecclesiastical law reached a peak in the 14th century and early 15th century. This is also the period in which the influence and importance of ecclesiastical law reached its zenith in the Czech lands. Part of the Hussites’ programme was the complete rejection of ecclesiastical law. After the Hussite Revolution, there was no restitution of the previous state, and ecclesiastical law became subject to secular law in society’s mind. In the post Hussite period, fundamental church issues and important matters of religion were discussed at provincial assemblies, to which both legal churches – the Catholic and Utraquist Churches – were now subject. Only the day-to-day management of the Church was left within the competency of ecclesiastical offices.

The relationship between the French monarchs and the Holy Roman Emperors has always been complicated. However, the election to the imperial throne of the scion of the Luxembourg house, Charles IV, marked the beginning of a period of the closest, intimate, and most trusting relations between the Empire and the Kingdom of France. The article examines in detail two important episodes of these contacts related to the life of the future King of France, Charles V the Wise, when he was still heir to the throne. In his difficult relationship with his father, King John II the Good, in a situation of political crisis that broke out in the country due to the defeat of the French army and the capture of the king, the Dauphin Charles invariably resorted to the help of his uncle, Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg. The final successes of the King of France, Charles V the Wise, show that he received good advices from the emperor and managed to use them correctly.

The paper deals with the propaganda used by Emperor Charles V during the Schmalkaldic War of 1546–1547, which has been broken between the forces of Charles V and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League. It focuses on the printed letter addressed «to some imperial cities» on the June 17nd 1546, as well as the printed mandate issued on the November 28nd 1546 to inhabitants of Franconia. The documents are preserved in the Archives of St. Petersburg Institute of History, Russian Academy of Sciences, at the Western European section of which they are labeled as 5/603 and 3/603. They were acquired in the decennies before 1914 by a renowned Russian historian and collector N.P. Lichačev (1862–1936) in Antique Shop auctions in Germany. In relation to the communication situation in the Middle of the 16th century in Germany this study analyses original sources according to their propagandistic dimensions and investigates the context, the addressed audience, and the declared purpose correspondingly. The paper includes a transcription of the printed mandate issued on the November 28nd 1546 to inhabitants of Franconia, his translation into Russian and his reproduction.

After war’s turmoil in the mid-17th century, major demographic and social changes occurred in the cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which seem to be more favorable to the Jews than to Christians. Compared with the pre-war period Jewish population, if not increased, but has become more pronounced than the number of the Christian one. The article deals with the judicial conflict between Jewish community and Uniate clergy of Brest over Church ownership in the city. Brest Chapter required the Jews to leave the land owned by the Church, the Jewish community however refused and asked to continue fixed annual payment to church authorities. The author shows the ritual, symbolic and legal aspects of the conflict and points out that the trial was held against the backdrop of a sharp conflict between the Metropolitan of Kiev and Brest bishop and as a result several participants were involved in the court process. Speaking against the local clergy, Jews enlisted the support not only the metropolitan, but also the nobility and thus defended their possessions in Brest.

2 сентября 2021 г. ушел из жизни Борис Львович Фонкич – выдающийся специалист по греческой палеографии и кодикологии, автор многочисленных открытий в области изучения византийской и поствизантийской рукописной книги, идентификатор таких дуктов и местных видов письма, как иерусалимский и южноитальянский, исследователь индивидуальных почерков греческих книжников, пионер выявления на основе рукописного материала начала и эволюции греческого книгописания в России, исследователь отечественных и зарубежных собраний греческих рукописей, их собирателей и исследователей и т.д.

The book under review is devoted to the history of the Baltic crusades. The interest for this subject has considerably grown over the last two decades. Unlike in previous studies based on German and Latin sources, the main focus here is on literary works in Old French texts of the 13th–15th centuries. Due to this French perspective the author managed to take a fresh look at the well-known topic and to raise and answer the main question of how the Baltic crusade and especially the imaginary Baltic world helped to create a European vision of alterity and of a frontier of Christianity. In addition, Chollet’s work presents a thorough summary of the sources and current research. On the whole, this book will serve as a good introduction to the Baltic crusades for students and for specialists in other crusades.

The book under review traces the evolution of the English borough customs throughout the Medieval and Early Modern period, and explores the relationship between these customs and the Common law of England. Based on versatile borough records, M. Vinokurova’s book recreates the vivid picture of social reality and legal culture of medieval borough.