Vol 17, No 3 (2019)

Aging is a complex biological process, the main aspect of which is the accumulation of somatic changes in the body during life. Late reproductive age is associated with infertility and possible complications of pregnancy. Aging at the cellular and organ levels negatively affects reproductive function. Immune cells are proved to play a crucial role in the physiology of the reproductive system. Senescent cells are viable in vitro, in contrast to the apoptotic cells prone to programmed cell death. Senescent cells express pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteinases totally called the aging-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Inflamaging (inflammatory aging) is an aging-associated, a chronic and systemic inflammatory condition caused by cells acquired senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). In this type of cells, there is marked depression of the p16INK4a gene, which maintains the viability of the aging cells, preventing their apoptosis. This review examines the effect of cellular, «inflammatory» and immune aging on the female reproductive function.

Introduction. ATP is one of the most frequently updated molecules in the organism. The presence of a transmembrane gradient of H+ electrochemical potential is a crucial condition for the synthesis of ATP using FFfATP synthase enzyme, which affects proton transport through the Fo factor. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the transmembrane potential on the proton transport parameters through the inlet halfchannel of FFfATP synthase taking into account its possible spatial polymorphism. Methods. A combined approach is used for proton motion modeling. Probability of proton transfer is determined by a quantum-mechanical approach of one-dimensional motion and the problem of proton transport through a sequence of charged centers in the halfchannel is considered in the framework of the stochastic approach. Results. The values of the proton transport times obtained in the model of 10-10-10-s s are in a good accordance with the experimental estimates of the ion transfer time in various biological objects for the certain physicochemical characteristics. In the range of physiological values of the membrane potential, the time was almost unchanged. Linear dependence between the transport time and the membrane potential was established for the transmembrane oriented 1C17 pdb-structure, which led to a time increase by 11% without the potential. In case of the laterally oriented 5T4O pdb-structure the transport became slower, however, no apparent linear dependence has been identified. Conclusion. The results obtained in this work can be used to evaluate the proton current through the half-channel and the contribution of transport time to the total time of ATP synthesis. In addition, proton transport adaptability analysis enlightens the additional vulnerability points of the catalytic cycle of FFfATP synthase in case of integrality problems and membrane characteristics changes.

Introduction. Currently, polymer nano-and microparticles are a promising material for the targeted delivery of drugs to human organs and tissues. The influence of these particles on humoral and cellular immune responses has not been studied. The aim of the study. The aim of the work was to study the immunogenicity of the protein associated with polymer biodegradable nanoparticles based on polylactic acid copolymer with polyethylene glycol. Methods. Activated nanoparticles were used for covalent binding of the model protein. Two groups of 40 mice were immunized. Nanoparticles from the copolymer of polylactic acid and polyethylene glycol, which were covalently bound to the model protein, were introduced to the experiment group. The control group was immunized with a mixture of the same protein and unmodified nanoparticles. 4 immunizations were carried out at intervals of 2 weeks. Blood sampling of mice was carried out 13 days after each immunization. The content of specific antibodies to the model antigen in the serum of mice was determined by the ELISA method. Results. According to confocal microscopy, the model protein fi2M-sfGFP was strongly adsorbed on the surface of nanoparticles. The amount of immobilized protein was shown to amount of 10 ^g per 1 mg of nanoparticles. aonclusion. Using the non-parametric statistical Mann-Whitney test, it was shown that at each stage of immunization the content of antibodies in the control group was significantly higher than in the experiment group (p<0,001).

Introduction. In mammals, there are several populations of macrophages, developing from bone marrow progenitors and resident macrophages, developing from the embryonic precursors of the yolk. One of the reasons for the coexistence of several populations of macrophages may be their different role in inflammatory responses, which is associated with different susceptibility to activation factors. The aim of the study. To compare the susceptibility of macrophages of bone marrow and embryonic origin to the activation factors of M1- and M2-phenotypes. Materials and methods. As macrophages of embryonic origin, Kupffer cells of the liver were studied, they were compared with macrophages of monocytic (bone marrow) origin, obtained from intact male Wistar rats. Results. Gene expression of cytokines IL1b, IL6, and TNFa in Kupffer cells was found to increase only under the influence of elevated concentrations of LPS (100 ng/ml) or IL4 (40 ng/ml) and IL10 (40 ng/ml), except for the IL10 gene, the expression of which in liver macrophages increased under the influence of a medium containing 50 ng/ml LPS. The expression of the cytokine genes IL1b, IL6, IL10, and TNFa in monocytic macrophages increased under the influence of minimal concentrations of LPS (50 ng/ml) or IL4 (20 ng/ml) and IL10 (20 ng/ml). Conclusion. Kupffer cells and monocytic macrophages response to different inductors in a similar way and they simultaneously increase the expression of both pro-and anti-inflammatory markers. At the same time, macrophages of bone marrow (monocytic) origin in general compared with resident liver macrophages are more prone to activation factors, and especially to endotoxin, which is likely due to the development of LPS tolerance in Kupffer cells.

Aim. The dynamics of the collagen domain structure in the Achilles tendons and knees when they are stretched. Research method. A new non-invasive gravitational mass spectroscopy (GMS) method for operational (1...20 s) long-range order (LRO) monitoring in human tendons (achilles tendom and lateral collateral ligament) at the level of their molecular domains in vivo. As probands, members of the same family from 8 to 67 years old were involved. Results. Structural changes were detected in the forms of activated collagen domains in tendons at stretching. The domain masses range from 200 Daltons to 3,5 billion Daltons. Age differences and differences by gender in LRO were found. The domain ensemble itself has been established to be structured and represented by several sub-ensembles, reflecting the dynamics of giant micellar structures, structures in the NC1 range, as well as conformational constructions of domains inside the NC1 hexamer itself in the collagen. Conclusion. The method can be proposed for objective control of the state of wide tendons populations