Vol 21, No 3 (2023)

Introduction. Entry of inorganic and organic nanomaterials through respiratory tract, skin and digestive system increases the risks of immunological disorders, hereditary and oncological diseases. Localization and stability of nanoparticles are determined by the mechanisms of inter- and intracellular vesicular transport.

The aim. Study of cellular uptake, targeted intracellular delivery, degradation and secretion of nanomaterials on the base of mechanisms of vesicular transport, unspecific innate resistance and adaptive immune response.

Results. Physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials determine their high reactivity and economy, penetration into organisms through all protective barriers and in any cells by means of endocytosis, macropinocytosis and phagocytosis. Concerns related to nanotechnology development include risks of: 1) cytotoxicity of nanomaterials, products of their cellular metabolism and delivered materials in nanocarriers; 2) immunological disorders resulted from immune status disbalance, chronic inflammation, allergic and autoimmune complications. Endocytosis and phagocytosis of nanomaterials cause destruction of foreign substances in lysosomes and secretion of free nanoparticles, extracellular vesicules and lysosomes containing nanoparticles. For intercellular exchange tunneling nanotubes are formed. Neutrophil extracellular traps provide barrier functions and deposition. Protection of organisms includes phagocytosis of nanomaterials, their detoxication in liver and spleen with subsequent excretion, and unspecific innate resistance with cytokine gene expression.

Conclusion. Natural mechanisms of cellular protection are based on nanoparticle degradation in lysosomes, secretion of foreign materials in free form, as part of extracellular vesicles or lysosomes, formation of tunneling nanotubes and neutrophil extracellular traps. Besides, antigen presentation causes cytokine gene expression resulting in protective reactions of organism.

Introduction. Assessment of the status of iron at the individual and population level is an urgent task. However, the interpretation of the results is associated with a number of difficulties. The inflammatory process, disorders of carbohydrate metabolism and other non-specific reactions of the body make it difficult to adequately characterize the status of iron.

A change in serum iron levels may be a predictor of the development of deficiency or excess of ferritin and transferrin. Conversely, ferritin and transferrin can act as predictors of iron deficiency or excess.

Purpose of the study. The purpose of the study was to identify the prognostic significance of the determination of iron, ferritin and transferrin in serum.

Material and methods. The study was performed on the basis of a database of laboratory analyzes taken in the course of laboratory practice. Ferritin, transferrin, and iron were measured in blood serum. The total number of laboratory tests for ferritin, transferrin, iron in serum was 4292. To assess the deficiency or excess of the analyzed analytes, we use the ROC curve model, which is widely used to determine the diagnostic value of new markers. In the present study, this is an attempt to indirectly assess iron metabolism in general, based on a minimum number of laboratory tests.

Results. Serum iron concentration may be a predictor of ferritin deficiency or excess. As well as feritin can be a predictor in the assessment of iron concentration. Here we have identified a strong gender dependence. The threshold values, which we calculated as the coefficient of the maximum values of the product of sensitivity and specificity, differ in men and women by more than seven times. For transferrin, we can predict an excess, but we cannot detect a deficiency. We can also predict iron deficiency based on transferrin values.

Conclusion. In our work, we show the possibility of a relationship between the content of iron, ferritin and transferrin in the blood serum, which, according to the results of laboratory tests, goes beyond the reference values.

Introduction. The study of mechanisms of multicellular system regulation and of cellular proliferation and apoptosis balanced status in the organism tissues is one of the actual task of modern biology and medicine.

Purpose of study. Effect of polypeptide complexes (PPCs) from liver (Wentwil) and of bladder (Wesustim). and of corresponding short peptides. on the cellular proliferation in liver and bladder tissues of mammalian and birds.

Methods. Organotypic tissue culture of rat and 17-days chick embryo liver, bladder under different PPCs and short peptides was used for quick biologically activity of peptides screening.

Results. The tissue specific effect of PPC and short peptides on liver and bladder of different animals types. The square index (SI) of explants was increased statistically reliable on 21–29%, as compared to the control.

Conclusion. The data obtained produce the base for working and quick testing of preparations for treatment of patients with pathology in liver and bladder tissues.

Introduction. The search for molecular markers of adverse treatment outcomes in individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis (PT) is relevant due to the worldwide increase in drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) strains to anti-tuberculosis drugs (PTP). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) they are markers of destruction and remodeling.

The aim of the study. To study the features of the levels of the MMP in patients with infiltrative PT (IPT), depending on the MBT to PTP. To determine their significance as molecular markers of the effectiveness of therapy.

Methods. The concentrations MMP-1,-3,-8,-9 and TIMP-1 were measured using the ELISA method, kit «R&D Systems» (Minneapolis, MN, USA), the activity of α2-macroglobulin, neutrophils elastase (EL) – enzyme assays in the blood serum of 115 patients with ITL (58 drug – sensitive and 57 DR MBT). The effectiveness of the intensive phase of treatment was evaluated retrospectively. We used Statistica 10.0 (StatSoft, Inc.) and R.

Results. Regardless of the DR of MBT strains, patients with ITL have an imbalance in the MMP/inhibitors system towards proteinases. Regardless of the DR, the changes in circulating levels of MMP, TIMP-1 and EL were unidirectional with the otal volume of focuses and decay, as well as the number of neutrophils. Combinations from proteinase with results of chest X-rays methods of research at baseline levels in patients with ITL can be molecular prognostic markers of treatment outcomes.

Conclusion. The methods of multidimensional statistics showed that changes in the baseline levels of the MMPs and inhibitors in patients with ITL are not associated with the characterization of the resistance of MBT strains to the PTP, but are an objective criterion for the activity and prevalence of a specific process, and combinations from the MMP reflect the direction of its changes.

Introduction. Primary immunodeficiency (PID) is a congenital disorder of the immune system that causes severe, chronic, autoimmune, infectious and oncological diseases with untimely diagnosis and treatment. Given that PIDs often do not have specific clinical manifestations, patients with this group of diseases are detected quite late, as a result of which the complications obtained can no longer be cured within the framework of standard treatment protocols. Thus, the introduction of additional studies into the neonatal screening program to determine the state of the T- and B-cell immunity link will avoid the development of severe complications in children with PID and will allow timely treatment to begin.

The aim of the study is to determine the TREC and KREC levels and their relationship with other indicators in newborns of different gestational ages..

Methods. This paper presents the results of the pilot program of neonatal screening of primary immunodeficiency in Voronezh and the Voronezh region. Markers of T- and B-cell lymphopoiesis were determined in 126 newborns by quantifying ring DNA molecules TREC and KREC by PCR-RV from dry blood spots on the basis of BUZ VOKB No. 1 PC, Building 1. Criteria such as gender, gestational age, body weight, total blood count (leukocyte count) at admission and closest to neonatal screening, CRP at admission and closest to neonatal screening, the presence of a burdened somatic and obstetric-gynecological history were evaluated; as a result, the main patterns in the dynamics of the KREC level were deduced and TREC in the study groups. Blood samples were obtained during the standard newborn screening program by collecting heel blood on special filter paper test forms – Guthrie cards.

Results. TREC and KREC levels increase with increasing gestation period, however, in all premature infants they remain below the established standard values. A significant increase in the detected indicators is observed precisely during the last weeks of intrauterine life. Evaluating the «body weight» indicator, it was found that the most frequently reduced levels of TREC and KREC were observed in newborns with a body weight of 1500–2000 g, less often in newborns weighing more than 2500 g. When evaluating the indicator «burdened obstetric and gynecological (OAG) and burdened somatic anamnesis (OSA)», it was revealed that in all selected groups, in 100% of cases, newborns had a history of OAG and OSA. Evaluating other compared criteria, it was found that the most frequently reduced levels of TREC and KREC were observed in newborns at 29–32 weeks gestation.

Conclusion. The dynamics of increasing the level of TREC and KREC increases with increasing gestation period and body weight, and already at 29–32 weeks (with a weight of more than 1500 g) becomes the most informative due to the fact that the pool of cells responsible for the implementation of cellular and humoral immunity can most adequately respond to various significant effects on the body.