Volume 11, Nº 1 (2021)

The article describes the formation of digital economy from the point of view of emergence of socio-political risks, in particular the risk of social inequality as a result of growth of digital inequality. The study was conducted as a part of political science analysis. The aim of the work is to identify factors affecting social inequality, develop the steps to prevent its further spread. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are set: to consider the essence of inequality and approaches which determine its causes; to explore a new type of inequality - digital; identify socio-political risks of digitalization which affect inequality; suggest ways to manage these risks. The article presents the evolution of ideas about inequality from the XVIII century to the present day, from Rousseau's "natural inequality" to the modern "digital inequality". The reasons and consequences of the social inequality spread in the digital age are considered in detail. With the advent of the digital age, social strata did not disappear from the realities of our world, but on the contrary were transferred to the virtual world. The emergence of digital inequality has actualized the risk of social inequality spread, the consequences of which are changes in the structure of society and employment; uneven economic development; income distribution imbalances, uneven access to social benefits and rights. The steps aimed at changing the mentality of citizens and social institutions are proposed to manage the risk of social inequality in modern conditions. Economic and political backwardness, social inequality can be overcome by the effect of the same breakthrough digital technologies, which are no longer passive agents of public relations, but determine the development of the economy, politics, and society generally.

The aim of the study is to analyze the deep, archetypal content of the values recorded in the first Soviet Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The subject is revolution, socialism, the dictatorship of the proletariat, Soviet power as the values of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The method is the hermeneutical interpretation, which consists in the fact that the values of the Basic Law of 1918 plunge into the space of myth, revolution is interpreted through the myth of creation, socialism through the chiliastic myth, the dictatorship of the proletariat and Soviet power through the heroic myth. The novelty of the research lies in the departure from a formal legal reading of the 1918 Constitution and an attempt to prepare its value core in a wide socio-cultural context. The Basic Law of 1918 emphasizes the significance of the revolution as the beginning of a new era in the history of mankind, as an "act of creation" and lays the foundations for its positioning as the most important sacred value of Soviet society and the state. The revolution as a value cements Soviet reality, fills it with energy. Socialism is the thermal value of Soviet society, which embodied the chiliastic mythologeme. The significance of this value lies in the fact that the belief in the reality of building a more just and free society has made it possible to mobilize society for grandiose achievements and trials and to justify the costs of this process. The dictatorship of the proletariat and Soviet power are instrumental values through which social dichotomy and movement towards the thermal values of Soviet reality are realized. As a result, the ideas of Marxism, contained in the Constitution of 1918, in the process of their implementation were reduced into mythologemes, with the help of which the reduced idea of social reality as a confrontation of two principles was introduced into public consciousness. On the basis of this core of values, the political and legal sphere of Russia is degrading, acquiring archaic features.

The purpose of the research. The choice of this topic is due to the fact that the issues of the state structure of Russia are constantly the subject of close attention of scientists. This is mainly due to the fact that there is a huge practical experience here, when virtually every period of Russian history represented something bright and new. These issues are the subject of close attention not only of domestic, but also of foreign scientists (Emons T., Thatcher I., etc.). The article is devoted to the analysis of the positions of all-Russian, national political parties in our country in the second half of the 90s of the XIX century. - October 1917. on the state structure of Russia. This period was filled with a number of important events that had a fundamental impact on them. For example, the economic renewal of the country in the capitalist direction, with an acute struggle against the remnants of serfdom; the Russian-Japanese War; the First World War; two bourgeois-democratic, one socialist revolutions; the transition from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy, a bourgeois republic, a Soviet republic; the emergence of various political parties. Results. The conclusion is presented that the overwhelming majority of all-Russian parties, the majority of national parties were supporters of a single, unitary state. Few people supported the federation, and even then very limited, carefully. Based on this, the position of almost all parties in relation to autonomy was also built. It was actually supported only in Finland, but with the emphasis on maintaining strong ties with Russia. Views on self-government, for or against, were actually equally divided. The evidence here, in particular, is that the program documents of seven of the 16 largest all-Russian parties do not actually contain any provisions on self-government. It is also important to conclude that the positions of the parties on the state structure have changed. Especially noted is the RSDLP, which after the October Revolution of 1917 became the leading, ruling party in our country, and chose for it a federal form of government. As you know, until February 1917 it advocated the right of nations to self-determination, a unitary form of Government, and broad self-government. Since February 1917, a clear course for the federation has been taken. First of all, three main scientific methods were used: dogmatic, historical, and comparative. The article is of interest to lawyers and historians-theorists and practitioners, and all those who are interested in Russian history.

This article presents the author's research on the topical problem of qualification of crimes committed by medical workers. The author has formulated a number of proposals aimed at the comprehensive improvement of the criminal law and for effective enforcement. This work aims to study the issue of criteria for quality medical care and solving the problem of increasing the effectiveness of Russian legislation on liability for crimes committed by medical workers. Methodology and methods: the article uses the comparative legal research method, as well as the method of interpreting legal norms, which make it possible to better comprehend the institutions of criminal law and determine the main directions of their development. Conclusions: the problem of the presence of imperfections in the current legislation is relevant for study. Auto draws the attention of the scientific community to the fact that in this area there is still no clear idea of what is meant by quality medical care (service), as well as the necessary differentiation between deliberate and careless harm caused by the provision of medical care. Also, the author points to the lack of specificity of the concept of "medical error", as well as the lack of parameters for determining the legal personality for this type of employee. Scope of the results: this article may be of interest to students of higher educational institutions: bachelors, undergraduates, graduate students who study this area of criminal law, as well as this material may be of interest to teachers of law universities, can be used as a guide for the preparation of practical and seminars.

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of legal regulation of the protection of wildlife in the use of mineral resources in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. According to the results of research of the basic strategic planning documents for the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation it is proved that the specificity of protection of the wildlife of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation the implementation of separate types of economic activities, including the use of mineral resources that are not directly allocated. The necessity of securing the documents of strategic planning of development of the Arctic zone of environmental threats and risks, characteristics of environmental protection in the implementation of certain types of activities (including the protection of wildlife in the subsoil) and also the need for the adoption of the Federal law that protects the special ecological and legal status of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.

The purpose and objectives. The main goals are to identify gaps in international law on the regulation of new groups of relations, classified by technological criterion, justify and put forward methods and scenarios for filling the existing legal gaps, and to analyze Russian and US’s approaches to the international legal regulation of cyberspace. Methodological approach. The legal prognostic approach plays a key role in the work is the, general scientific methods and the comparative legal method, the method of interpreting legal norms and partially legal modeling are also applied. Results and conclusions. The article describes new groups of international legal relations, classified according to the criterion of technological and arising in the development of high technologies, as well as the phenomenon of international legal personality and the challenges that this group of relations poses to international legal regulation. Originality and value. The study is valuable in view of its relevance and originality. It focuses on gaining new knowledge about gaps in existing international legal acts and the fragmented state of the rules governing new groups of relations arising from the development of modern technologies. The article also identifies the features of the Russian and US’s approaches to the development of international legal regulation of cyberspace.

The purpose of the article is to identify the moral values that underlie human behavior and activity in modern culture, to show the significance of moral Maxim - «be responsible for your actions» and to justify the inevitability of the approval of this norm. A society that actively develops and uses modern technologies is now commonly referred to as a digital society. Within its framework, there is a transformation of culture, the formation of a new environment of human existence, which significantly affect the style and orientation of human life. In the process of introducing modern technologies into the life of humanity, the values that ultimately guide technology become increasingly important. For representatives of the consumer society formed in recent decades, orientations on utilitarianism and hedonism have become increasingly popular. In the sphere of moral values, emotivist attitudes that practically deny the universality of ethical norms are widely spread. In the sphere of moral values, emotivist attitudes that practically deny the universality of ethical norms are widely spread. New technologies (especially information and communication) provide ethical standards. New technologies (especially information and communication technologies) provide tremendous opportunities for their promotion. However, such values increase the risk of dehumanization of the individual, destruction of the fundamental components of society, and even destruction of the ecosystem, of which the person himself is a part. This problem is extremely relevant and is the subject of active discussion and research in various fields. It is no accident that along with individual and social ethics, environmental ethics and bioethics, computer and information ethics have appeared. The growth of technology capabilities significantly increases the responsibility of users at all levels-from individuals to multinational corporations. The ethics of responsibility transforms moral principles from abstract and speculative ideas about good and evil into a material and practical tool for activities that affect the interests of all humanity and the world around it to a greater or lesser extent. It should help to overcome the dominance of hedonistic, utilitarian and emotivist attitudes in human life orientations and activities, allowing him to fully use the achievements of digital culture in order to improve the individual, society and nature.

The article examines the background and strategic importance of two initiatives - “One Belt and One Road” (China) and the Great Eurasian Partnership (Russia). The points of correspondence and motivation of the two strategic initiatives are analyzed. In the context of strengthening international cooperation and regional integration, a way to link the two main initiatives is being discussed. Factors of the current international situation are considered and taken into account. Thus, the coronavirus pandemic has already become the main event, which affects the changing economy, trade relations and humanitarian cooperation. In addition, global trade protectionism exacerbates the process of counter-globalization and the evolution of the global political structure. The signing of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the return of the Indo-Pacific Strategy to the Asia-Pacific region have accelerated the process of regional integration in Asia. In the new international situation, the initiative “One Belt and One Road” and the Great Eurasian Partnership as geostrategic concepts of China and Russia have quite a lot of intersections in political, economic, humanitarian and other aspects. Especially within the framework of the “comprehensive partnership and strategic cooperation between China and Russia entering a new era”, the integration of the two strategies - “One Belt and One Road” and the Greater Eurasian Partnership - will become one of the important areas of political and economic activity of the two countries. China and Russia have a common task - to implement the integration of the two initiatives, to fully use their strategic attributes and pragmatic cooperation in the global regional game, and to promote the development of cooperation with the maximum benefit and win-win situation.