卷 14, 编号 5 (2024)

The intensive development of information and communication technologies and the digitalization of all spheres of public life create not only conditions for the progressive development of mankind but are also accompanied by the emergence of new threats in cybernetic space. In the context of unprecedented scientific and technological progress, information flows are rapidly growing, while the number of malicious cyber-attacks on the information infrastructure of countries is increasing. To prevent and combat cyber threats, some States turn to the theory and practice of the concept of deterrence. The article examines the approaches of the United States to deterrence in cyberspace. The authors analyzed the conceptual apparatus, while the cybernetic space and the information space are considered as a part and a whole. Based on the analysis of the provisions of the US guiding documents on strategic planning, the evolution of the views of the American administration on deterrence in cyberspace is being investigated. It is concluded that cyber support has become one of the priorities in US defense policy, it is based on the integrated use of all instruments of state power (diplomatic, information, military, economic, financial, intelligence, legal), the conduct of offensive cyber operations not only in wartime, but also in peacetime, the development of inter-domain cooperation with allies and partners, the use of new artificial intelligence and quantum computing technologies. The conceptual approaches of American scientists to conducting deterrence operations in cyberspace at various stages of the development of a military conflict and the use of public attribution of cyber-attacks are studied. The influence of cyber deterrence on international information security and national security of Russia is considered.

Five aspects of morphological classification are proposed, which should be the basis for ideas about the formation of the conceptual apparatus of a political scientist (politician). First of all, the aspect of classification is of interest: the peculiarities of the elaboration of the semantic content of the conceptual apparatus used. The following variants are highlighted and briefly described: a pure traditional conceptual apparatus, a mobile traditional conceptual apparatus, an updated traditional conceptual apparatus, a predictively formed conceptual apparatus. It is shown that the rejection of concepts such as “savagery, barbarism” regarding the names of historical epochs of human development creates prerequisites for the transition from traditional political science to civilizational political science (neopolitology). It is concluded that political activity has appeared since the beginning of the formation of intellectual systems and the formation of the intellectual sphere. The authors formulate approaches to the semantic definition of the conceptual apparatus of a specialist engaged in intellectual activity of a political nature, and propose the following options: stage-based, associative, reductionist, systemological, general-stop.

The work is a phenomenological analysis of the concept “Russia is an original state-civilization”. This formula represents the civilizational self-determination of the State. It lapidarily defines his understanding of his own development and the desirable principles of the world order. The article attempts to find out its heuristic value. The history of the term “state-civilization” is revealed. It is proved that it acts along with civilization and the state as a specific social community and a sovereign subject of geopolitics. Its historicity, the mechanism of formation and development are indicated. The general features of the civilizational states and the substantive characteristics of the Russian civilizational state, its main features and peculiarities are revealed. The special role of the state-forming Russian people in the destinies of Russia is emphasized. Russianness is one of the main characteristics of the Russian state-civilization. The applied meaning of the concept in question is discussed in detail. In particular, the concepts of the clash of civilizations and the synergy of civilizations are discussed. At the same time, the reasons for the eternal and periodically escalating relations between Russia and the antagonistic Western civilization and the impossibility of integration with it are explained.

The article is devoted to the consideration of one of the phenomena of ethnopolitics – ethnopolitical conflict, its object, subject, forms, distinctive features, political mechanisms for resolution. In recent years, many studies of the problems of ethnopolitical conflicts have been conducted. The list of new ideas in the study of ethnopolitical problems of the countries of the world is very small: these are the concepts of a plural society, group boundaries, center-periphery or internal colonialism. With a certain stretch, they can include studies that follow the concepts of modernization, political development, but a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to the study of ethnopolitical conflicts has not yet been finally established either in domestic or foreign science. Ethnopolitical conflict is a type of socio-political conflict, one of the forms of manifestation of contradiction in the field of ethnopolitical relations. A new round of escalation of ethnopolitical conflicts is caused by growing globalization and further aggravation of geopolitical contradictions between world centers of power, fighting for the redivision of the world. The state of chaos and confusion that arose in the world community in connection with the events in Ukraine and the Middle East gives this process a special urgency. The state of deep socioeconomic crisis that has engulfed many countries is a powerful catalyst for the aggravation of ethnopolitical tension. Ethnopolitical conflicts always have a specific historical content. There are no technologies for their settlement that can be used in any situation and in different regions of the world, not all ethnopolitical conflicts can be resolved politically by generally accepted methods, some forms of behavior of ethnic groups of the population can enter into irreconcilable conflict with the interests of the whole society, for example, ethnopolitical incitement, preaching of ethnic hatred caused by the activities of politically corrupt ethnic elites associated with the «shadow» economy, openly and directly inciting interethnic discord.

In the 21st century, the over-intensive process of urbanization has led to an excessive concentration of population in cities, and their expansion has become one of the most difficult problems of territorial development. The depopulation of rural areas negatively affects the development of agricultural production, ensuring food security, and violates the principles of sustainable development. Modern information and communication technologies are one of the tools for normalizing the structure of settlement systems and achieving spatial balance.

The purpose of the presented research is to determine the possibilities and boundaries of digital technologies as a means of integrating space, both highly urbanized territories and territories with settlements separated by a considerable distance, which in the most general form can be characterized as rural.

Methods. The study was conducted based on a systematic approach using a comparative analysis of normative legal acts and program documents of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China, as well as an understanding of the development of the territory as a process of interaction between the space of places and the space of flows.

Results and conclusions. Overcoming digital inequalities through intensive development of digital technologies, both in territories with a high level of urbanization and in rural areas, is identified as one of the most important systemic factors in the formation of territories with balanced spatial development.

The necessity of ensuring democratic governance, protecting citizens’ rights, maintaining social stability, and promoting economic development within the context of the contemporary political process in the Russian Federation is closely linked to issues of political pluralism in the country. The significance of political diversity is rooted in the nation’s ongoing commitment to democratic principles and the ideals of a rule-of-law state. This paper examines the genesis and evolution of political pluralism as an integral element of the political process in the Russian Federation. The study includes an analysis of the legal framework governing the implementation of the principles and foundations of political pluralism in the context of shaping legal policy in the Russian Federation. Based on this analysis, a number of potential problems and obstacles to its development are identified, along with possible solutions.

The article examines the historical retrospective of the accumulated experience of the state in terms of stimulating fertility, strengthening marriages and overcoming demographic crises in order to identify effective mechanisms of social policy. Based on statistic, an analysis of current trends in the demographic situation in Russia, family divorces and living standards in large families is carried out. The article formulates mechanisms for increasing fertility, strengthening families and long-term formation of traditional family values in the country.

The political picture of the world, as a high-level concept that contains conceptual and figurative constants, comes to the fore when analyzing and interpreting external and internal events of political, socio-economic, technological, environmental nature. The problem is that world pictures are characterized by plurality and manifest themselves in the interpretation of the same political events and situations from different points of view. We can witness both clashes and solidarity between political world pictures. Nevertheless, the question of communicative practices of different political world pictures in the spatial and temporal coordinate system remains open.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the models of interaction of political pictures of the world from the standpoint of the theory of action and the theory of communicative action.

The research objectives are: review of the historical process of formation and genesis of the concepts “picture of the world” and “political picture of the world”, formation of system-structural elements of political pictures of the world, comparative analysis of models of interaction of political pictures of the world.

Results. Political pictures of the world manifest themselves in four types of actions: teleological (strategic), normative-regulatory, dramaturgical, and communicative. The presented types of actions are manifested and expressed in the activities of political institutions. The considered models of interactions of political pictures of the world represent a compensatory mechanism of conflict prevention in the innumerable arena of world pictures.

At present the foreign policy of the Russian Federation considering the Baltic states (Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia) and the Republic of Belarus is under significant change. The article examines the formation of the identity of these states and their impact on relations with the Russian Federation. The socio-political and historical prerequisites for the formation of identity in the Baltic states and the Republic of Belarus are highlighted. Having a common Soviet past, the former republics of the USSR already in 1991 chose fundamentally polar vectors of development. The Republic of Belarus has built a new Belarusian identity on the basis of the social construct “Soviet man”, while the Baltic countries have chosen a different path – the methodical destruction of the ideological and socio-political heritage of the USSR as well as the fight against the Russian ethnic group on their territory. The author highlights the effectiveness of the modern Belarusian identity and pronounces the actual failure of the West’s attempt to construct a new Baltic identity based on anti-Russian sentiments. According to the author, an example of a win-win cooperation would be the Republic of Belarus, which plays the role of socio-political and cultural transit for the West and the East, can serve as a way out of the ongoing socio-political crisis in the Baltic states. A Eurasian reorientation would strengthen the shaky statehood of the Baltic States and would open up prospects for socio-economical cooperation with Russia and its partners.

The purpose of the study. The article discusses indicators and indicators that determine the effectiveness of social mechanisms for building trust in economic relations, within the framework of research “Social mechanisms for building trust in transforming economic relations”. At the beginning of the work, the principles, rules and tools for building trust relations in the economy are considered on the example of the discourse of international forums and statements by top officials of states. At the same time, it is noted that in domestic politics, top officials of states recommend managers to use digital technologies to build trust, for example, during the electoral process. The criteria and indicators of trust in economic relations are analyzed, which stimulates the economic development of society, improves the interaction of market participants and contributes to the general well-being of society. As various studies show, today the following general criteria of trust can be distinguished in domestic and foreign practice: reliability of an individual, organization, state; the development of the individual and the organization; the absence of deception; goodwill; understanding and respect for the feelings of partners; fulfillment of promises for further cooperation.

Conclusions. Based on the conducted research, the criteria and indicators that determine the features of trust formation in economic relations have been identified. The authors conclude that in an unstable and nonlinearly expanding society, a universal way to assess the effectiveness of trust-building mechanisms is necessary. As such a method, a universal technology can be proposed, which is implemented at the institutional and personalistic levels and involves considering criteria and indicators formed at the intersection of information-reflective, value-normative, communication-interpretative and activity mechanisms in one social field.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the object-subject area of scientific publications on the formation of financially literate behavior of the population, in particular the scientific development and relevance of the topic. A content analysis of 84 935 titles and annotations of scientific publications for 2017–2023 by keywords was carried out. As a result, the most popular categories of the object-subject area were identified, which were of greater interest in the scientific community. The topics of financial literacy, culture and financial behavior are widely covered in scientific papers, but the topic related to the tools for the formation of financial literate behavior is significantly less studied. A deeper dive into this topic can help identify the tools and ways to improve financial literacy that are most suitable for a particular category of the population. Based on this, it will be possible to develop an effective strategy aimed at solving specific problems using the most effective methods.

The article deals with the development of public education systems for civil servants in the context of administrative reform in the countries of the post-Soviet space. A comparative analysis of the education systems of civil servants in 10 countries of the post-Soviet space was carried out based on the study of the basic laws on civil service, as well as other regulatory legal acts. The study examined the laws on the civil service, which is carried out in public administration bodies, the sample did not include special legislative acts regulating the features of the civil service in individual bodies. In all countries, one way or another, the right of civil servants to vocational training or vocational education at the expense of budgetary funds is secured. The legislation of the CIS countries on civil service retains a common approach to determining the forms of additional professional education for civil servants. The most popular forms of additional professional education are retraining; training; internship. However, there are some national peculiarities, for example, in the frequency or duration of training. For civil servants in some countries, specialized training programs are also implemented at the expense of the budget – master’s and doctoral studies. There is a high centralization of vocational education systems for civil servants in the countries studied. As a result, the authors identified countries with a “traditional”, “European” and “mixed” approach to the implementation of additional professional education.

The article analyzes the issue related to the problems of evaluating the effectiveness of trust-building tools in a modern unstable and nonlinear Russian society. The methodological basis of the study was the approaches to trust by G. Simmel, J. Coleman, R. Hardin. The empirical basis is based on the results of sociological research conducted with the participation of the author in 2023, 2024. The article proves that fostering trust and a culture of trust is an important task facing Russian society. The results of the conducted sociological research show an increase in the level of trust of the population as a whole, including among young people. At the same time, positive trends in the growth of trust affect the institutional level to a greater extent than the individual one. The existing tools for building trust are quite hybrid and their effectiveness is not obvious. In this regard, the task of identifying effective tools for building trust and identifying those whose effectiveness is ambiguous becomes obvious. To determine the effectiveness of the available tools for building trust, it is necessary to use a specific, clear algorithm of action and specific methods and procedures. As such an algorithm, a universal technology for evaluating the effectiveness of trust-building tools can be proposed. The technology involves the assessment of tools at the institutional and individual level and is based on the principles of a systematic and holistic approach, risk accounting, institutionality, innovativeness and manufacturability, complementarity, polysubjectivity, continuity, adaptability, competitiveness. The stages of the implementation of the technology for evaluating tools for building trust in modern society can be the analysis of the situation, forecasting, selection of options for criteria and evaluation indicators.

The article analyzes the current state of film production in Russia. It considers changes in the domestic film market, including government support, increased production volumes, and the development of online platforms. It notes problems associated with increased production costs and lack of time to prepare for a role. The paper presents an innovative approach called “role installation” for managing the preparation of actors for filming and shows its possibilities in the context of modern mass film production. The method is aimed at quickly and effectively immersing the actor in the role, taking into account time constraints and directors’ requirements. The author emphasizes the importance of a sociological approach in film production, which helps producers, actors, and directors understand the context and social atom of the images they create. The article touches upon the issues of transforming acting education and the position of cinematography in shaping public consciousness. The “role installation” method can become an effective tool in solving modern problems of film production, motivation, and joint project management, contributing to the creation of high-quality and socially significant content.

The article, based on the principle of unity of historical and logical, reveals the content and specifics of ideological and educational work among Suvorov residents in the Minsk IED in the late 60s of the 20th century. At the same time, the nature and focus of the educational process focused on the formation of high spiritual qualities among Suvorov residents: duty, honor and dignity, camaraderie. To achieve such an important task, the school held regular meetings with participants of the Great Patriotic War, widely used means of culture and art, themed evenings, trips to places of military glory, participation in the construction of the “Mound of Glory”.

The purpose of the study is to characterize the essence and specifics of the social philosophical and political science approach to the formation of the foundations of patriotic consciousness among Suvorov’s future officers, defenders of the Fatherland.

Conclusions. 1. The article reveals the features of the means of spiritual culture for the formation of the foundations of patriotic consciousness among the pupils of the Minsk IED. 2. The specificity of the forms of military-professional education among Suvorov’s future officers, defenders of the Fatherland is investigated.

M.V. Lomonosov is one of the key figures in Russian studies of the relationship between science and religion in the 18th century. The text analyzes the ambivalent picture of the interactions between the synodal church and the academic community as the “truth of faith” and the “truth of the academy”, which included both contradictions and a deep dialogue. These relations received a whole spectrum of interpretations in different periods of Russian history, from the “mutually exclusive confrontation of science and obscurantism” to the prospect of a sincere dialogue between “two daughters of one Supreme Parent”. The article shows the desire of a number of Soviet-era authors to reduce the worldview of the “father of Moscow University”, who understood that “the more its mysteries one’s mind comprehends, the greater the joy his heart feels”, to such schematic stereotypes as “atheist”, “convinced materialist”, “consistent supporter of natural-scientific materialism”, “deist”, “mechanical materialist”, whose “materialism was active, militant”, based on the cliché of “the irreconcilability of science and religion”. Post-Soviet descriptions are more correct, reasonably believing that a “good and true Christian” can also be a “great scientist-encyclopedist”.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the issue of discrimination against persons of different age groups in relations in the private legal sphere. Attention is drawn to the fact that discrimination can be observed not only in labor, but also in housing, family and other legal relations. It is shown that the basis for discrimination is the imperfection of regulatory legal acts in the initial period of their validity, which is explained by the difficulties of forecasting and taking into account possible risks; however, introducing changes to legislative acts makes it possible to correct the situation in a timely manner – to eliminate discriminatory assumptions. The article provides examples and judicial practice confirming these conclusions. It is proposed that when new regulations are adopted, they should be assessed for their discriminatory component in order to eliminate future situations of infringement of the rights or discrimination of certain social groups of citizens. In particular, it is proposed to carry out a particularly thorough assessment of the absence of discrimination in regulatory legal acts in relation to citizens in need of special social protection. At the same time, it is proposed to take into account the possibility of direct and indirect discrimination, features of the use of digital technologies and artificial intelligence; and carry out reforms and innovations in legislation taking into account ethical standards, international experience and judicial practice.