Vol 13, No 2 (2023)

The Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, the Russian leading research institute in the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, therapy, specific and nonspecific prevention of infectious diseases, is 60 years old since the day of its foundation. The paper provides the basic historical milestones of the formation and development of the institute.

The paper briefly describes the main areas of researches in immunoprophylaxis, which have been conducted at the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, over 60 years. The paper shows the implication of the basics of vaccination against measles and mumps, diphtheria, pertussis for the development of vaccination, which have been developed by the team of the Laboratory for Specific Prophylaxis of Infections under the guidance of Prof. V.M. Bolotovsky; for seromonitoring of herd immunity against the pathogens of vaccine-controlled infections. The paper traces the continuity of the activity of the Laboratory of Immunoprophylaxis and the Research and Guidance Center for Immunoprophylaxis, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Being, for the development of a unified system for the management of the epidemic process through vaccination, for the improvement of the laboratory component of epidemiological surveillance over vaccine-controlled infections and vaccination from seromonitoring to molecular genetic monitoring. The paper emphasizes the importance of creating a normative-guidance basis to observe the temperature regimen of storage and transportation of immunobiologicals («cold chain») and the safety of immunization.

Objective. To study the level and structure of the incidence of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) Staphylococcus-induced infections in the Russian Federation in 2018–2021.

Subjects and methods. For the in-depth epidemiological analysis of the incidence of HCAIs, the analyzed the data of the statistical forms developed by the HCAI Monitoring Reference Center, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, along with data of Section 3 «Nosocomial Infections» of Form 2 the data of the statistical forms developed by the the Reference Center for HCAI Monitoring, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, the Reference Center for HCAI Monitoring, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, which in addition to the data of Section 3 «Nosocomial Infections» of the Federal Statistical Observation «Information on Infectious and Parasitic Diseases». The incidence rates were calculated as the relative frequency of Staphylococcus-induced HCAI cases per 1,000 inpatients. The data on nosocomial bloodstream infections were compared with the open data available on the resource https://amrmap.ru/.

Results. In 2018–2021, there was a downward trend in the incidence of Staphylococcus-induced HCAIs in the Russian Federation. The average long-term rate of decline was 21.2%. During the analyzed period, there were registered 9468 Staphylococcus-induced HCAI cases. The average incidence rate over 4 years was 0.12 per 1,000 inpatients. Surgical site infections occupied the first place in the structure of the forms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus HCAIs among the registered cases, outside the pandemic caused by the spread of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. In 2020, lower respiratory tract infections held the lead. The official data provided by the territorial bodies of the Federal Service for Supervison of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, showed that the absolute number of nosocomial bloodstream infections were lower than their real number in 2018–2020.

Conclusion. Despite the downward trend in the incidence of HCAI caused by Staphylococci, these microorganisms remain in the first place in the etiological structure of HCAIs among the bacterial pathogens. The official data on the incidence may differ significantly from the true number of HCAI cases, which requires regular epidemiological studies and the conditons to be created to optimize the recording of nosocomial infections.

The overview article presents scientific and practical successes and achievements of the CRIE employees on the topical problems of acute intestinal infections (AIIs). It gives the main stages in the development of diagnosis, in the development of new algorithms for therapy and preventon of AIIs. The classification of dehydration in cholera has been first proposed and introduced into practice and a rationale is given for rehydration therapy for cholera-like diarrhea. Adequate current methods for deciphering the etiological pattern of infectious diarrheas have been developed; the clinical and epidemiological features of intestinal infections; the pathogenesis of diarrhea have been examined, and evidence-based current approaches to diagnosis, differential diagnosis and management tactics in a patient with AIIs.

The diversity and discovery of new respiratory viruses, their их changeability, the rapid formation of strains that are resistant to antiviral agents and modify adaptative human immune responses cause an increase in the incidence of mixed viral infections, which necessitates the development and introduction of new algorithms for diagnosis and treatment of these patients.

Objective. To monitor the circulation of pathogens of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs), influenza, and COVID-19 among people without symptoms of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in different age groups and to identify the features of the epidemic process by monitoring their pathogens on a weekly basis.

Subjects and methods. The results of monitoring the pathogens of ARVIs, influenza, and COVID-19 were analyzed in individuals without symptoms of ARIS in January 2021 to August 2022. Smears from the naso- and oro-pharynx were tested by a PCR assay. The data were statistically processed using the MedCalc. program.

Results. A total of 273,846 people who had no symptoms of ARI were examined; 16,665 (6.09%) had positive results of them with a positive result (6.09%). In the structure of the detected viruses, Rhinovruses (46%) predominate; there were SARs-COV-2 (15%), human coronaviruses (229E, OC43, HKUI, and NL63) (12%); the proportion of the rest was 0.05 to 9%.

Conclusion. Differences were established in the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and rhinovirus in the age groups. The data were obtained, which indicated the presence of the asymptomatic transient carriage of ARVI pathogens during the increased morbidity period characteristic for rhinoviruses, SARS-CoV-2 and rhinovirus in age groups have been established. The data were obtained, which indicated the presence of asymptomatic transient carriage of ARVI pathogens during the increased morbidity period characteristic for orhinoviruses, SARS-CoV-2, and epidemic human coronaviruses. A direct average correlation was found between the infection of SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic individuals and the incidence of COVID-19. Differences were established in the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and rhinovirus in age groups have been established. Data were obtained, which suggest that there is an asymptomatic transient carriage of ARVI pathogens during the increased morbidity period characteristic for rhinoviruses, SARS-CoV-2 and epidemic human coronaviruses. A direct average correlation was found between the infection of SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic individuals and the incidence of COVID-19.

Objective. To assess the genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates circulating in Russia, which were obtained in cases of group and sporadic morbidity, using genome-wide sequencing data.

Subjects and methods. Genome-wide sequencing and a phylogenetic analysis of 460 S. Enteritidis isolates obtained during the work of the Reference Center for Monitoring Salmonellosis were carried out.

Results. The findings made it possible to describe the population structure of Russian S. Enteritidis isolates and to understand their phylogenetic position in the context of global pathogen diversity, to assess the concordance of epidemiological data with genetic clustering data and to show the spatial and temporal features of clustering the isolates belonging to epidemiologically unrelated cases of group morbidity.

Conclusion. The results of the study create prerequisites for the formation of a unified national laboratory and information system for monitoring S. Enteritidis and investigating the epidemic foci of group morbidity with salmonellosis.

There is a brief history of the development of researches at the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, which are related to the penetration of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into the territory of the Russian Federation, its further spread, the creation and improvement of the system of epidemiological surveillance of HIV infection, to its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.