Vol 6, No 12 (2021)

The evolution of ideas about the protection of the health of city residents is shown, starting with the emergence of the very science of urban planning in the last quarter of the 19th century. If in the works of its founder, Reinhard Baumeister, in relation to the health of citizens, the main attention was paid to their physical condition, namely sanitation and hygiene, then in the works of Camillo Sitte and Josef Stübben, who completed the formation of classical urban planning science, attention began to be paid not only to their physical, but and mental health and well-being. Ebenezer Howard’s idea of a garden city, which appeared as if in opposition to classical urban planning, actually turned out to be its development, as indicated by the successful implementation of the settlements of the Weimar Republic and Clarence Perry’s “neighborhood units”, as examples of the integration of Howard’s ideas directly into the big city. Separately, the architecture of Swiss mountain resorts is considered, which is entirely subordinated to the promotion of health, and therefore had a direct impact on the entire architecture of the 20th century and its urban planning. In terms of time, this study is limited by the beginning of the global economic crisis of 1929 and the Great Depression, which resulted in radical changes in urban planning, due to which the issues of physical and mental health of city residents faded into the background.

The practices of forming sustainable local communities by the methods of socio-cultural design of common areas differ depending on the level of spatial self-organization of the community: urban level (urban spaces); district level (neighborhood, group of quarters); the level of the secondary common area (yard spaces). Sociocultural approaches to the formation of local communities in the improvement of courtyard areas are based on the practice of participation and include: reliance on grassroots urban initiatives, assistance in resolving territorial conflicts, artistic practices.

The article provides reflections on the relationship between the processes of space formation and human health. Various aspects are considered that must be guided by the formation of a healthy environment based on the five main paths to human well-being formulated in modern psychology. The main provisions for architectural and urban planning research at various design levels - urban planning, architectural, environmental.

The article describes tactical urbanism, its practice and theoretical prerequisites, as well as the sociocultural conditions for its application, which allow us to consider it as an actual direction in the design of open and closed public architectural spaces, working in the interdisciplinary field of urban planning, architecture, design, sociology, which allows creating a new or reverse engineer the existing solution through scalable interventions (the concept of "small things") and urban planning experiments.

The article deals with the history of the formation of the scientific direction of urban ecology in the context of the development of domestic urban planning science. The relevance is substantiated by the global processes of the struggle for energy resources, the deterioration of the environment, an increase in the volume of municipal solid waste and an increase in carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere as a result of the use of hydrocarbon energy sources, and other negative processes accompanying the spread of urbanization and industrial production around the world. The development of technologies for "green" urban planning is analyzed in connection with scientific research on the sustainability of regional landscapes to anthropogenic loads and increased requirements for the compensatory properties of landscape frames in the largest cities. Both the concepts of smart cities of the future and measures to gradually improve the quality of the environment in established cities both in Russia and abroad are considered, including with the help of targeted programs "Green City," Green Quarter "and others. The study of these trends seems to be an important scientific problem for the formation of a consistently positive regional environment in terms of the topics of promising research in universities.

The authors of this work recall the most popular method of architectural reflection at the end of the twentieth century, which is again becoming relevant in the modern world of modernity. The presentation of the theoretical foundations of the philological metaphor in architectural practice is illustrated by the actual design experience, inspired by a literary work.

The quality of space for the life and activities of people, its significance, the structure of the main socio-spatial (including socio-cultural) and material-spatial indicators, the principles of management and development is one of the key topics of research and development of scientists, urban planners and sociologists, ecologists and economists, many interdisciplinary teams around the world in the coming digital age.