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№ 12 (2021)
Compositional Asymmetry of the Moon
Аннотация
The earliest orbital observations have shown that the Moon has global asymmetry between its nearside and farside. The main differences are in topography, crustal thickness, and distribution of mare and highland areas. These asymmetries are thought to be a result of very early geological processes caused either by internal inhomogeneity and related thermochemical processes or by giant impact event(s). The evidence of both is present on the Moon surface. A joint analysis of the available data on the composition of lunar samples and meteorites and global geochemical and mineralogical mapping confirmed the existence of differences in the composition of the Moon’s nearside and farside. However, it is still impossible to unambiguously conclude about the origin of global asymmetry.
Priroda. 2021;(12):3-11
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European Water Buffalo from Moscow Region: an Exotic Immigrant at the End of the Pleistocene
Аннотация
A skull of the extinct European water buffalo Bubalus murrensis, discovered near Kolomna, evidences a dispersal event of these thermophilic animals during the Bølling — Allerød interstadial warming (about 14700–12600 years ago) into the central part of the Russian Plain, mainly occupied by cold resistant fauna. This unexpected discovery demonstrates a complex pattern of the transformation processes of the Late Pleistocene megafauna in different regions of Europe against the background of a sharp global cooling after the preceded warming interstadial.
Priroda. 2021;(12):12-16
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Holocene Chronicle of Volcanic Eruptions on Iturup Island
Аннотация
Reconstructing a global chronicle of volcanic eruptions is among the top priorities of volcanology. The history of active volcanoes of the Kuril Ridge is still poorly studied and for most of the volcanoes is limited to rare, fragmentary information about their eruptions during the historical period (the last 200–250 years). The islands of Kunashir and Iturup (South Kurils) and Paramushir (North Kurils) currently have a permanent civilian population, and almost all the settlements are located in the volcanic hazard zones of varying degrees. In the summer of 2021, within the framework of the project “Studying volcanic, seismic, and tsunami hazard and evaluation of geothermal resources for developing areas of the Kuril Islands” of the Russian Science Foundation, we carried out special tephrostratigraphy and tephrochronology research, aimed for studying the frequency and intensity of Holocene ash (tephra) fallout in the central part of Iturup.
Priroda. 2021;(12):17-22
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Springs of the Volga-Don Interfluve
Аннотация
Since there is little fresh water on the Volga-Don Interfluve, underground waters have a huge role here. Their operational resources are unevenly distributed, and many springs are in disrepair. Nevertheless, people continue to use them, as there are often no other sources of water. The article discusses the condition of the local springs and the safety of their use.
Priroda. 2021;(12):23-29
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The Paleogene Star: the First Discovery of Traces of the Life Activity of a Starfish in the Eocene
Аннотация
The data on the first finding of the ichnogenus Asteriacites in the Eocene deposits of the Mountainous Crimea is presented. It is concluded that the studied fossil is a trace of a starfish activity and belongs to the ethological group of traces of lying, immobility or rest.
Priroda. 2021;(12):30-34
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2021 Nobel Prize Laureates in Chemistry: Benjamin List and David W.C.MacMillan
Аннотация
In 2021 the Nobel Prize of Chemistry was awarded to professors Benjamin List of the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research (Germany) and David W.C.MacMillan of the Princeton University (USA) “for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis”, a method that uses small organic molecules as catalysts instead of enzymes or metals. This innovation in molecular construction has led to catalysts that are convenient in handling, less expensive, and environmentally friendly. Asymmetric organocatalysis is especially important to the drug discovery process. Biologically active molecules are often chiral, and organocatalysts provide a way to make candidate drug compounds enantioselectively, efficiently and quickly.
Priroda. 2021;(12):35-44
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2021 Nobel Prize Laureates in Physiology or Medicine: David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian
Аннотация
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021 was awarded to American scientists David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian “for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch”. These receptors are actually cationic Ca2+-permeable channels that detect thermal or mechanical disturbances of the cell membrane and convert them into changes in membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The article discusses the retrospective aspects of the research and its key results, which have been so highly praised by the Nobel Committee.
Priroda. 2021;(12):45-52
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Giorgio Parisi: for the Research of Disordered Systems
Аннотация
The 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics (its 1/2 part) was awarded to the Italian physicist Giorgio Parisi “for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales”. This formulation discloses an important achievement in theoretical physics, the first significant step in the creation of the theory of spin glasses and other non-ergodic systems.
Priroda. 2021;(12):54-56
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Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Detective Stories
Аннотация
The task of the organized gas group, a part of the “Dalvostuglerazvedka” Group, was to study the gas content of coal deposits and to determine zones of the predominance of various gases — air, carbon dioxide, methane, etc. These studies are necessary to predict the explosion hazard and other threats during mining operations and can provide recommendations for reducing the number of accidents associated with gases in underground mines and nearby settlements.
Priroda. 2021;(12):57-60
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The Wild Boar is Innocent! (review of the book: A.A. Danilkin. Management of the Wild Boar and Other Animal Resources under African Swine Fever)
Priroda. 2021;(12):67-69
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NEW BOOKS
Аннотация
ТАДЖИКИ. Отв. ред. Н.А.Дубова, Н.К.Убайдулло, З.М.Мадамиджонова. М.: Наука, 2021. 1005 с. ГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ЗЕМЛИ: ОТ КОСМИЧЕСКОЙ ПЫЛИ ДО ОБИТЕЛИ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСТВА. Отв. ред. М.И.Кузьмин, В.В.Ярмолюк. Новосибирск: Академическое издательство «Гео», 2021. 329 с.
Priroda. 2021;(12):70-71
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