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Vol 72, No 5 (2023)
Pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacognosy
The current state of knowledge of Ethiopian sage (Salvia aethiopis L.)
Abstract
Introduction. Currently, preventive measures aimed at preserving and strengthening human health are becoming increasingly important in medicine and pharmacy. Phytotherapy has been and remains an important area of preventive measures, therefore, the expansion of supply and availability of medicinal plant raw materials and identification of alternative plant sources of biologically active substances make it possible to use it on a wider scale with more efficiency to improve the public health.
Objective: The purpose of the study is to analyze and generalize the available information about Ethiopian sage (Salvia aethiopis L.), which is of interest due to its potential for wider use as a medicinal plant raw material.
Material and methods. Data on the distribution area, phytochemical composition, pharmacological activity, and use of Ethiopian sage (Salvia aethiopis L.) in folk medicine are obtained from online databases, foreign pharmacopoeias, scientific journals, monographs, and a number of other literary sources.
Results. Ethiopian sage is widely used in folk medicine to treat tuberculosis, heart failure, hemoptysis. We know of antibacterial properties of Ethiopian sage root extract. Terpenes predominate in the chromatographic profile of the essential oil of the plant, their pronounced anti-inflammatory and bactericidal activity has been established. The extract of the aboveground parts of Ethiopian sage partially inhibits opioid and cannabinoid receptors. The plant was previously included in the USSR State Register of medicinal plants raw material and was used in phytotherapy as part of the M.V. Zdrenko’s blend. However, the contemporary information about this type of sage needs updating. It is necessary to update normative documents and instructions for harvesting raw materials for its introduction into pharmaceutics.
Conclusion. An in-depth pharmacognostic study of Ethiopian sage will make it possible to characterize it as a pharmaceutical substance of plant origin, develop standardization methods, and justify the areas and volumes of raw material procurement.
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Microscopic signs of the raw material of shrubby cinquefoil
Abstract
Introduction. Shrubby cinquefoil (Pentaphylloides fruticosa (L) O. Schwarz) has a large raw material base in Altai and is actively used for the production of one-component tea drinks and herbal collections, which are the object of tourist trade in the Altai Territory and the Altai Republic. Currently, the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation does not have the pharmacopoeial article for this type of plant raw material, and, therefore, there are no standardized quality indicators.
Objective: determination of anatomo-diagnostic features of shoots of shrubby cinquefoil for the development of a pharmacopoeial article on this type of plant raw material.
Material and methods. Five series of dried shredded plant raw material of shrubby cinquefoil produced by different enterprises of Altai Krai served as objects of the study. Microscopic studies were carried out using Micros Austria MC300 microscope and Microscope Digital Eyepiece MDC-560 digital camera.
Results. The epidermal cells of the leaflet are polygonal, with straight lateral walls, a distinct thickening and rare anomocyte-type stomata. The leaflet surface, leaf plate margin and veins are covered with simple unicellular hairs; bicellular and cephalic hairs occur. When the leaf is bleached with 5% sodium hydroxide solution, the contents of the cells turn brownish-red. Petal epidermis has polygonal cells with thick walls; gynoecium densely hairy, simple hairs long. The fruit is densely covered with simple unicellular hairs; the parenchyma of the fruit contains inclusions of calcium oxalate in the form of drusen. Epidermal cells of shoots consist of thin-walled rectangular cells.
Conclusion. In the course of the conducted work anatomo-diagnostic features of dried plant raw material of shrubby cinquefoil were established: epidermis cells of the leaflet polygonal with clear-shaped thickening, anamocytic type of the stomatal complex, numerous simple hairs consisting of a short basal cell and a long terminal cell, cephalic hairs, cells with brown content.
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Technology of medicines
Technology of anti-anemic liquid extract of green lettuce leaves obtained by biostandardizations method
Abstract
Introduction. Anemia is a major public health problem worldwide, particularly affecting children under the age of eight and pregnant women. Worldwide, WHO estimates that 42% of children under the age of five and 40% of pregnant women suffer from anemia. Since almost all antianemic drugs are of synthetic origin, there is a need for antianemic herbal drugs, which makes the need for the development of antianemic drugs of natural origin relevant.
Objective: was to develop a technology for an anti-anemic liquid extract based on Lettuce leaves (lat. Lactúca sativa) by the method of biostandardization.
Material and methods. In the study on the development of liquid extract technology, the principle of biostandardization was applied, the essence of which was that in order to select the optimal technological parameters (extractant; the ratio of raw materials and extractant; the time for the onset of dynamic equilibrium), physicochemical and pharmacological methods were used, namely, the assessment of yield of extractives and pharmacological effect.
Results. Based on the results of the study, a technology was developed for an anti-anemic liquid extract based on Lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa) prepared in 20% ethyl alcohol in a ratio of 1:5-10. The essence of the developed technology was to insist on soaking raw materials in a 20% aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol for 5–24 hours.
The obtained data on the study of technological parameters, based on a comparative assessment of the yield of extractives and the pharmacological effect, showed that the dynamics of the yield of extractives and the pharmacological effect are not comparable, since the antianemic effect was the highest in the extract of medium saturation and not the highest saturation with extractives.
Conclusion. The developed new liquid extract based on Lettuce leaves has a significant anti-anemic activity.
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Enterosorbents of Russia, the European Union and Arab countries
Abstract
Introduction. Enterosorbents are a group of drugs with sorption-detoxic effect widely used in the world. Currently, in Russia, as in different countries, there is a wide range of drugs assigned to the group of enterosorbents, however, a detailed consideration of this issue shows that there is a limited number of analytical publications devoted to a comparative review of this kind of medicaments.
Objective: to overview the registered enterosorbents, pharmaceutical substances for their production in Russia, the European Union and Arab countries, to consider the classification of enterosorbents according to the active substance.
Material and methods. Content analysis of official sources of information about medicines, statistical analysis (Excel, 2019), graphical analysis. We reviewed the State Register of Medicines of Russia, the Register of Medicines of the European Union and the registers of medicines of Arab countries (Algeria, Libya and Saudi Arabia).
Results. According to the international analysis of enterosorbents, those belong to the A07BA group – charcoal preparations, that are registered in all the countries under consideration, and the A07BC group – the Other intestinal adsorbents, which are, in the countries under consideration represented by 7 active substances: hydrolysis lignin, dioctahedral smectite, colloidal silicon dioxide, povidone, polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate, kaolin and pectin.
Conclusion. There are 6 groups of active substances of enterosorbents registered in Russia, the most used is the activated carbon group. There are 6 groups registered in the European Union, two of which are Pectin and Kaolin. Only 3 groups of active substances are registered in Arab countries. The most known of enterosorbents, both in the European Union and in Arab countries, is the Dioctahedral Smectite group.
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Sorption technology for the isolation of pancreatic enzymes from extracts of the pancreas of cattle and reindeer
Abstract
Introduction. Pancreatin is a digestive enzyme remedy that is an extract of a pancreatic enzyme. It contains such proteolytic enzymes as amylase, lipase and protease, which are involved in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, which contributes to their more complete absorption in the small intestine. It is used for insufficiency of the exocrine function of the pancreas (chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis), for chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder; conditions after resection or irradiation of these organs, accompanied by disorders of food digestion, flatulence, diarrhea (as part of combination therapy), to improve food digestion in patients with normal function of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in case of nutritional errors, as well as chewing disorders function, forced prolonged immobilization, sedentary lifestyle, and in preparation for x-ray and ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs.Thus, pancreatin is one of the most popular medical preparations and is produced under various trade names. However, pancreatin is not produced in Russia and is supplied to the country mainly from China and Germany.
Objective: Development of a technology for the isolation of pacreatic enzymes from extracts of the semigastric glands of SO and cattle.
Material and methods. In the work used – the pancreas from the reindeer. The determination of the component composition was carried out by the methods of gel chromatography.
Results. Methods have been developed for isolating a complex of digestive enzymes from the pancreas of CO and cattle.
Conclusion. The optimal conditions for the process of BAS extraction from the pancreas of CO and the pancreas of cattle have been selected. The component composition of the obtained extracts was determined.The optimization of the sorption technology for the isolation of enzymes from extracts of cattle and CO was developed and carried out.
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Theoretical and practical development of dental films based on chitosan
Abstract
Introduction. An analysis of the current state of research in the field of creating dental films shows the need to search for new polymer bases for their production. One of the modern approaches is the combination of phytocomplexes with polymers with biological activity. Such a promising polymer, in our opinion, is chitosan, a derivative of the polysaccharide chitin and a large-tonnage product of the processing of the latter. It has a number of advantages, providing a prolonged effect and the ability to stay on the mucous surface for a long time. Another promising component of dental products is the biologically active components of ginkgo extract.
Objective. Development of theoretical and practical methods for the production of dental films based on chitosan and evaluation of their ability to absorb biologically active components of herbal preparations.
Material and methods. Chitosan (Bioprogress, М=200 kDa, degree of deacetylation – 83%, bulk density – 1.5 g/cm3); molding of film materials according to the standard method, HLB evaluation by the Davis method, molecular modeling by molecular mechanics and quantum chemistry (academic license of the HyperChem8 molecular modeling program (HyperCube (C)), academic license No. HC80SA-4-1BBF6). The strength properties of the films were determined on a ZwickiLine tensile testing machine. Soil degradation was determined in laboratory conditions, according to GOST 9.060-75
Results. Dental films based on chitosan were obtained by dissolving chitosan in water in the presence of acetic acid, followed by conversion from the acidic to the basic form with an ammonia solution and subsequent drying in a thin layer. Previously obtained extract of ginkgo was introduced either in the pre-drying stage, or by applying directly to the film. Theoretical modeling of the adsorption of biologically active components of ginkgo extract on the surface of chitosan by the semi-empirical method of quantum chemistry PM7 has been performed. The physicochemical characteristics of the films in various media, as well as their strength and biodegradation, were studied.
Conclusion. The properties of dental films based on chitosan polymer have been described theoretically and experimentally, have the necessary technological characteristics and can be used as promising dental dosage forms, including those containing ginkgo extract.
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Organization and economy
Development and implementation of a methodology for integrated assessment and prediction of non-compliance risk for HIV-infected patients
Abstract
Introduction. In the current global situation, HIV-infected persons are still a vulnerable group of the population, therefore it is extremely important that effective preventive measures are developed and taken to ensure their well-being. An integral part of monitoring the effectiveness of preventive measures is the importance of understanding the essence and correct assessment of the risk of non-compliance. A scientifically based assessment of this risk and its prediction can protect HIV-infected people from further complications. This paper presents a method of integral assessment and prediction of the risk of non-compliance with the patient's treatment regimen as a way to control the effectiveness of preventive measures for HIV-infected patients, based on the results of a survey of HIV-infected patients for adherence to treatment and based on the proposed methodological approach.
Objective: to develop a methodological approach to predicting the risk of non-compliance in patients with HIV infection.
Material and methods. A survey was conducted of 200 patients treated at the State Medical Institution "Kuzbass Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS". The methodological approach to predicting the risk of non-compliance with the treatment regimen by HIV-infected patients is based on taking into account a set of factors affecting the results of therapy of HIV-infected patients.
Results. It has been established that patients with HIV infection, as a rule, do not follow many recommendations of doctors on compliance with the treatment regimen, which significantly reduces the level of adherence to pharmacotherapy. Therefore, the proposed methodology for assessing patients' non-compliance with the treatment regimen and determining risk ranges are aimed at monitoring the effectiveness of preventive measures and increasing its practical significance.
Conclusion. In the evaluation process, a fairly low level of compliance with the treatment regimen was established by patients (the value of the HIV-infected patients' treatment adherence index was 52.5%), which indicates the need to eliminate risk factors for non-compliance by adopting special requirements.
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