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Vol 72, No 6 (2023)
Pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacognosy
Development of approaches to standardization of the herb of the meadowsweet
Abstract
Introduction. Meadowseet Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. is widely distributed in the European part of Russia, in Western and Eastern Siberia. The plant has long been used in folk medicine, because it has a significant range of medicinal properties, many of which are associated with the presence of plant phenolic compounds, namely flavonoids.
The purpose of this study is to develop a technique for quantifying the total of flavonoids in the herb of the meadowsweet, including optimization of the flavonoid extraction process using methods of mathematical planning of the experiment and spectrophotometric analysis of the extracts obtained.
Material and methods. The material of the study was the herb of the meadowsweet, harvested in the period from 2020 to 2022 in the village of Alekseevka of the Samara region during the flowering phase (June–July).
Biologically active compounds were extracted from plant raw materials, varying the main parameters of the extraction process in accordance with the selected experimental plan, followed by determining the conditions for maximum output product.
The quantitative determination of the total of flavonoids in extracts from plant raw materials was carried out by differential spectrophotometry on the SF-2000 device (SDB Spectrum).
Results. Optimal conditions for the extraction of flavonoids from raw materials were established: extractant – 40% ethyl alcohol, the ratio of "raw material-extractant" – 1:50, extraction time – 90 minutes. A method of quantitative determination of the total of flavonoids calculated on standard sample of rutin in the herb of the meadowsweet by differential spectrophotometry has been developed. It was determined that the content of the total of flavonoids in the herb of the meadowsweet varies from 3.90±0.02% to 4.02±0.04%.
Conclusion. As a result of the conducted research, a technique for the quantitative determination of flavonoids in the herb of the meadowsweet has been developed, based on the optimization of the extraction process by the method of mathematical planning of the experiment and differential spectrophotometry of the extracts obtained.
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Trace element status of plant for standardizing of herb raw material
Abstract
Introduction. Standardizing herb raw material which guarantees the reproducibility of the quality of phytomedicines is important procedure for plants sources having multicomponent composition of biologically active compounds. The trace element composition plants is determined primarily by the species of the plant like as biological compound composition. The formed cluster of high-quality herb raw material should differ significantly from the non-quality one.
Objective: Assess the possibility of using clusters of trace element statuses for standardization of phytomedicine «Thymi serpyllii herba».
Material and methods. The above-ground shoots of Thymus vulgaris L., Th. serpyllum L., Th. marschallianus Willd., Th. iljinii Klokov & Des.-Shost., and Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. In addition, the objects of the study were: a phytomedicine from pharmacy assortment «Thymi serpyllii herba» (as a reference drug) and created mixtures of thyme and ziziphora as samples that did not meet the requirements of the standard. The content of trace elements was determined by mass spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma.
Results. It was established samples of wild thyme and pharmacy phytomedicine which was taken as a standard, form one cluster that is different from the others. At the same time, raw materials Th. serpyllum with an adulterant of Ziziphora clinopodioides fall into clusters different from the cluster of quality samples of Th. serpyllum.
Conclusion. As a result of the work carried out, it was established that the trace element composition of plants allows, using the method of cluster analysis, to form a certain reference cluster.
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The study of the morphology and anatomy of leaves aronia Mitchurinii by various microscopic methods
Abstract
Introduction. Aronia Mitchurina leaves (Aronia mitschurinii A.K. Skvortsov & Maitul) is a potentially perspective source of biologically active substances such as flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, etc. One of the phases of leaf standardization is the determination of the authenticity indicators. Previously, the main anatomical and diagnostic features of Aronia Mitchurina leaves were identified using the optical microscopy. For a more detailed study of the morphological and anatomical features of the leaf structure, the work used luminescence, scanning electron and stereomicroscopy.
Objective: To determine the morphological and anatomical structure of Michurina aronia leaves by luminescence, scanning electron and stereomicroscopy.
Material and methods. The object of the study was dried to a moisture content of not more than 10% Aronia Mitchurina leaves variety «Mulatka», harvested in the Tambov region during the technical maturity of fruits (August–September 2022). The study of morphological and anatomical features of leaves was performed according to the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation XIV, OFS.1.5.3.0003.15 «Technique of microscopic and microchemical study of medicinal plant raw materials and herbal medicinal preparations». For stereomicroscopic analysis used Biomed-2 microscope with lenses ×400, ×100 (Russia). Luminescence analysis was carried out with a Nikon ECLIPSE Ni-E/Ni-U microscope (Japan) in ultraviolet (UV) light. The scanning electron microscopy was performed using a JSM-6380LV JEOL (Japan) scanning electron microscope with an INCA 250 microanalysis system.
Results. The stereomicroscopic analysis showed that the main diagnostic features of Aronia Mitchurina leaves are long thin trichomes on the lower leaf surface and dark brown glands concentrated along the main vein of the upper surface of the leaf lamina. The characteristic fluorescence features of the studied raw material have been established. Luminescence is characteristic for conductive system and trichomes of the under surface of the leaf. Luminescence of glands and their bases is absent. The structure of stomatal apparatus, trichomes and glands was clarified by scanning microscopy.
Conclusion. For the first time, a comprehensive study of the main diagnostic features of Michurina aronia leaves by stereo-, luminescence and scanning electron microscopy was carried out. The structure and features of luminescence of morphological and anatomical structures of leaves were clarified. The carried out researches can be used for express identification of Michurina aronia leaves and will allow to prepare sections «External signs» and «Microscopic signs» for the draft pharmacopoeial article «Michurina aronia leaves».
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Antimicrobial activity of yarrow essential oil fractions
Abstract
Introduction. Essential oils of plants have a complex multicomponent composition, which determines their diverse application. The main pharmacological action, including antimicrobial properties, of essential oils most often determines the component that is in a larger amount. With the presence of chamazulene, which can accumulate in the essential oil of yarrow in a significant amount, the anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, anti-allergic, wound-healing effect of the oil is associated. The content of chamazulene in oil depends on the place where the plant grows.
Objective: to study the antimicrobial activity of individual fractions of the essential oil and the individual compound chamazulene of the common yarrow growing in the Krasnoyarsk region.
Material and methods. The essential oil from the aerial part of the common yarrow was isolated by exhaustive hydrosteam distillation. The component composition of the extracted oil was established earlier. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the disk diffusion method.
Results. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of yarrow, its individual fractions and individually isolated substance chamazulene against strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans was studied. The strains of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa proved to be insensitive to the action of essential oil and its fractions. Against strains of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), oil showed lower bactericidal activity compared to fractions enriched in chamazulene. The resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) turned out to be the most sensitive to individual chamazulene, the strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed resistance.
Conclusion. The most pronounced antimicrobial effect of yarrow essential oil, its fractions and the individual substance chamazulene was obtained against staphylococci.
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On the issue of standardization of wild chicory grass
Abstract
Introduction. Expansion of the nomenclature of medicinal plant raw materials for creation of effective medicines on their basis is one of the priority directions of pharmaceutical science. Among representatives of the native flora, common chicory is of interest for study.
Objective: This article is devoted to the study of chicory herb proposed as a raw material for the production of medicines.
Results. As a result of pharmacognostic study of chicory herb samples, authenticity criteria (morphological and anatomical signs, thin layer chromatography) and quality indicators have been established. On the basis of the analysis of experimental batches of raw materials the norms of numerical indicators have been determined. A method of quantitative determination of the content of active substances has been developed.
Conclusion. The proposed quality criteria are included in the draft pharmacopoeial article on a new type of medicinal plant raw material Chicory herba.
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Organization and economy
The range of controlled groups of medicines approved for use in pediatric practice, and ways to improve it
Abstract
Introduction. According to the results of numerous scientific studies, there is currently a lack of satisfaction of citizens with drug provision of controlled groups of drugs (CGD).
Objective: marketing analysis of the range of controlled groups of drugs used in pediatric practice.
Material and methods. Content analysis of data from the State Register of Medicines by CGD groups as of 01/11/2022, the Russian National Pediatric Formulary, instructions for medical use of CGD.
Results. It was revealed that 5142 assortment positions for 50 international non-proprietary names, 111 trade names, 29 dosage forms circulating in the Russian Federation were registered in the State Register of Medicines from CGD. The share of INNs used in pediatric practice is 64%, which is also reflected in a smaller number of assortment items available for the treatment of children. An analysis of the instructions for the medical use of CGD in terms of age restrictions revealed that the range of drugs approved for use in pediatric practice at different ages does not fully meet the needs of practical healthcare.
Conclusion. To further improve the quality of drug provision of CGD in pediatrics, it is necessary to implement the following measures: a) make a decision to include individual prescriptions of medicines, including those containing CGD, in the standards of pediatric care; b) to ensure the development of a network of industrial pharmacy organizations working with CGD by partially compensating for the costs of preparing individual prescriptions for medicines; c) update and publish in the public domain the Russian National Pediatric Formulary, based on an indicative list of essential medicines for children approved by WHO, as well as standard individual prescriptions for individually manufactured medicinal products.
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Current problems of employment for graduates of pharmaceutical universities in pharmacy organizations
Abstract
Introduction. The need for pharmacists to adapt to the changing conditions of the Russian pharmaceutical market leads to a change by employers in the selection criteria for graduates of pharmaceutical universities when applying for a job. To improve the quality of pharmaceutical education and successful employment of young professionals, it is necessary to analyze how the learning outcomes meet the requirements for professional knowledge and competencies of labor market participants.
Objective: studying the opinions of pharmacy organization leaders on the readiness of young pharmaceutical specialists for professional activities from the perspective of the competency-based approach.
Material and methods. In a sociological study, directors of pharmacies and HR managers from pharmacy chains of both federal and regional scales participated (21 pharmacy organizations). Data collection was carried out through questionnaires and standardized interviews.
When developing the questionnaire to study employers' opinions on the readiness of pharmaceutical university graduates for employment, the requirements for the qualifications of specialists were taken into account. These requirements are outlined in the professional standard "Pharmacist." A set of mandatory requirements for the development of universal and general professional competencies was considered during the implementation of the standard basic educational program for the specialty 33.05.01 Pharmacy.
Results. When analyzing employers' satisfaction with the level of preparedness of university graduates for professional activities, it was shown that only 40% of the study participants were completely satisfied with the quality of education, a significant proportion of respondents (45%) wanted to change some aspects of the educational program, and 15% of those surveyed were completely dissatisfied with the level of graduates' preparedness.
Conclusion. Regular monitoring of the requirements for pharmaceutical graduates by labor market participants based on a competency-based approach is necessary to deepen the practical orientation of education.
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