Vol 25, No 2 (2022)

Insulin therapy initiated the use of peptides in incurable diseases at the beginning of the 20th century. Over time, peptide science has evolved in sync with other scientific discoveries and has finally expanded its view beyond the traditional focus on human endogenous peptides to reveal a broader range of peptide agents identified from other resources or through medicinal chemistry. The article is a literary review of publications in the Russian scientific electronic library eLIBRARY and in the PubMed library of the USA National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). As a result of the analysis, the formulation of peptide therapy, the current state of the development of peptide therapy, the strengths and weaknesses of peptides as drugs, and emerging new opportunities in the design and development of peptide drugs are outlined.

Relevance. The modern requirements of qualitative control of medicinal plant raw material recommends to evaluate total amount of biological active compounds and amount of major substances. Aim. Investigation and validation of quantitative analysis of total amount of phenolic compounds and major substance chlorogenic acid in the Vaccinium uliginosum leaves. Materials and methods. Quantitative analysis of total amount of phenolic compounds in the V. uliginosum leaves was carried out by spectrophotometry. Amount of chlorogenic acid was measured by capillary electrophoresis as main method and by high-performance liquid chromatography as comparative method. Developed methods were validated. Results. We investigated and validated methods of spectrophotometric analysis of total amount of phenolic compounds and quantitative analysis of chlorogenic acid by capillary electrophoresis. Total amount of phenolic compounds were 4.94±0.17% - 9,09±0,17%, amount of chlorogenic acid - 1.75±0.08% - 4.34±0.16% Conclusions. Medicinal plant raw material - Vaccinium uliginosum leaves -are recommended to be standardized by total amount of phenolic compounds and amount of major substance - chlorogenic acid - using spectrophotometry and capillary electrophoresis respectively. Total amount of phenolic compounds calculated to g chlorogenic acid at 100 g of raw material should be no less 4.5%, amount of chlorogenic acid - no less 1.5%.

Drops are a liquid dosage form, which can go out of target place, so the use of a substance that gives the drops viscosity which prevents solution of drops to go out of place of applications, as polymers which are very important but that use may effect on release of active ingredients in drops, so in this study we studied the effect of used HPMC which is polymer used for viscoelastic, as well as an excipient and controlled-delivery component in ear drops. The aim of the work was to compare the rate of release of active substances from solutions of hydroxymethylpropyl cellulose and hy-droxyethyl cellulose, as the choice of the optimal polymer for the development of ear drops. We have studied the use of HPMC and HEC polymer for obtaining viscoelastic liquid dosage forms in the form of ear drops, as excipients that control the release. For the analysis, ofloxacin was chosen as active substances, in view of its high activity on microorganisms that cause otitis media, and HPMC and HEC, ethyl alcohol 96% and purified water were used as auxiliary substances in the analyzed compositions. To determine the viscosity of solutions, we have chosen a glass capillary viscometer VPZH-2, in accordance with the recommendation of the State Pharmaceutical Organization. The release was carried out by equilibrium dialysis through a semiper-meable membrane using a regenerated cellulose tubular membrane (model T3). The HPLC method was used to identify the active substance. In view of the data obtained on the release of the active substance, for the development of the composition and technology of ear drops, as an auxiliary component, we chose HPMC.

Relevance. Varicose veins of the lower extremities are recognized as one of the most common pathologies of the venous system of the lower extremities. Along with various involutive and morphological changes occurring in the venous wall, changes at the molecular level play a key role in pathogenesis. The content of various biologically active substances directly in the varicose vein wall, reflecting the speed of biochemical processes, has not been practically studied. Aim. To study the catalytic activity of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in biopsy specimens of the vein wall in patients with varicose disease of the lower extremities of different classes of chronic venous insufficiency according to the CEAP classification. Matherials and Methods. In the experiment, tissue of the venous wall taken from 141 patients with varicose disease of the lower extremities of classes C2-C6 (according to the CEAP classification) was studied. All examined patients were divided into 4 groups depending on the severity of the disease. Determination of enzyme activity was performed by spectrophotometric method. Results. An increase in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and a decrease in the activity of creatine kinase were revealed as the disease progressed. A positive correlation was found between lactate dehydrogenose activity and the class of chronic venous insufficiency and a negative correlation between creatine kinase activity and the class of chronic venous insufficiency. Conclusions. An increase in the catalytic activity of lactate dehydrogenase and a decrease in the activity of creatine kinase in biopsies of varicose veins of the lower extremities are directly related to the progression of the disease, which is explained by the predominance of anaerobic processes over aerobic ones in the varicose deformed venous wall, an increase in tissue hypoxia and a decrease in energy supply.