Volume 12, Nº 1 (2022)

The article is devoted to the actual problem of preparation and conduct of hybrid wars. It is noted that preventive defense is aimed at preventive blocking of potential threats before they can turn into real threats to the national interests of the United States. It is established that the multipolar world, the development of science and modern technologies indicate that the concept of absolute national security today is nothing more than a myth, today complete security and total defense are unattainable. The concept, essence of hybrid warfare and hybrid warfare through the geopolitical confrontation of states are considered. The basic principles of conducting and distinguishing features of hybrid warfare are determined. It is emphasized that, within the framework of the hybrid war, the so-called network wars are being waged. In conclusion, it is stated that the factor of the increasing role of modern communication technologies in the issues of information warfare and their impact on the formation of a “new world of political processes” is also relevant for the network-centric format of the hybrid war of the XXI century.

The purpose of the study. The question of the unification of the Slavs is very, very tenacious. It has been more or less constantly manifested over the past centuries, has attracted and is attracting its attention today. The article is devoted to the analysis of the most fruitful in this regard in the 19th century, when the largest number of domestic ideas of unification of Slavs and a kind of Slavic constitutionalism associated with it appeared. The central place here is occupied by the problems concerning the most important, fundamental institution in this field - Slavic federalism, the Slavic federation. First of all, a study of the main trends, projects, approaches on this issue has been conducted. It is reasonably noted that the most famous here is pan-Slavism. We meet with the beginnings of it in Russia in the second half of the 19th century through the Croat writer Yuri Krizhanich. In the future, the exponents of the ideas of pan-Slavism in one form or another become the writer I.M. Karamzin, the official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs S.M. Bronevsky, retired Major A. Polev, diplomat, philosopher V.F. Malinovsky. These ideas were also voiced in the era of the Decembrists. The most important role here is assigned to the Society of the United Slavs (1823-1825). The next direction is Ukrainian federalism. His brightest exponent is the “Cyril-Mythodiy Society” (1846-1847). The idea of uniting Slavs, the Slavic federation, and corresponding projects were also presented by the revolutionary, ideologist of revolutionary populism, anarchism M.A. Bakunin; publicist, sociologist N.Y. Danilevsky; revolutionary, writer A.I. Herzen. Conclusions. The idea of uniting the Slavs, the Slavic federation turned out to be unreal, utopian in our country, in the world. At the same time, its vitality is due to its attractiveness, the belief that such unity can be effective, creative, and provide protection for the Slavs from attacks that have taken place and are not unfortunately taking place in reality today. It should also be noted that a number of decisions and constructions of the XIX century associated with the unification of the Slavs found their definite real embodiment in the future in practical constitutionalism. These are, for example, the creation and functioning of the federation in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia during the years of socialism, uniting related Slavic peoples; the Constitution of Poland of 1815. The Tarnovo Constitution in Bulgaria of 1879, the Main state laws in Russia of 1906.

The purpose of the article is to diagnose the specifics of the political and electoral consciousness of Moscow students as part of a sociological survey. Research methods: analysis and interpretation of facts, analysis of scientific literature, sociological survey Study sample: 2 groups of youth representatives - students of Moscow universities (250 each) aged 21 to 23 years who had the right to vote during the elections to the Moscow City Duma of the seventh convocation on September 8, 2019. The first group is politically active youth; the second group is young people who have no experience of active participation in socio-political activities. Results. It was revealed that the priority attention of modern researchers on youth electoral behavior is focused on diagnosing the causes of absenteeism and protest behavior, while the issue of the influence of political events and, in particular, election campaigns on the political consciousness of young people is undeservedly overlooked. Based on the results of the author’s sociological survey of 500 representatives of Moscow student youth, it was concluded that young people who regularly participate in socio-political activities have a much more developed, logical, consistent political consciousness than those respondents who do not engage in socio-political activities regularly. Thus, according to the results of the study, politically active respondents are more often interested in the events of political life, are more consistent in their liberal or conservative political judgments and preferences, tend to take responsibility for their fate and well-being, defend violated rights and freedoms by legal methods than respondents who do not take regular part in political life. At the same time, politically inert student youth are more prone to political absenteeism, more susceptible to political manipulation and provocation. The article argues for the need to develop technologies to promote the constructive political consciousness of the youth of the capital, through civil law and patriotic education, educational activities in matters of participation in elections, as well as practical activities to protect the legal rights and freedoms of a person and citizen.

Introduction. The change of power and the renewal of political leadership are traditionally regarded as an integral feature of democratic states. For Russia, which has recently embarked on the path of democratization, ensuring the rotation of persons holding public positions is seen as one of the most difficult problems. The federal nature of the state structure requires the formation of effective mechanisms for the turnover of power not only at the national, but also at the regional level. Materials and methods. In preparing the article, the personnel policy of the federal center in relation to the governor’s corps was analyzed. Among the main research methods used are the content analysis method, the decision-making method, the situational method, the institutional method, and the activity method. Results. In modern Russia, the control of the federal center over the transit of power in the regions is due to the inclusion of governors into a single vertical of executive power. The goals of the rotation of the leadership are to prevent the defeat of candidates supported by the authorities with a low electoral rating, to solve regional problems under the guidance of competent crisis managers, and to ensure subordinate relations between the center and the periphery. The instruments that guarantee the change of power are the appointment by the President of the Russian Federation of an official acting temporarily instead of the current governor, and his subsequent election with the support of the federal center and political organizations affiliated with the state. It is substantiated that the current practice negatively affects the federal principles of the state and regional institutions of democracy, the participation of the population in managing the affairs of the state, provokes a conflict between the old and new regional elites. Conclusions. According to the results of the study, the redundancy of the influence of the central state apparatus on the process of forming the executive power of the subfederal level is proved, recommendations are formulated to overcome this problem.

According to Max Weber’s ideal type analysis methodology, citizen dishonesty in contemporary Chinese society can be classified into two types: one by ordinary citizens and the other by public figures. Ordinary citizens’ dishonesty leads to a magnified adverse effect of “bad money drives out good” and deconstructs the social credit system. Meanwhile, public figures’ dishonesty not only damages society’s interests but also degrades people’s sense of identity with social ethics, triggering ethics and trust crises. In contemporary China, citizen dishonesty is the result of the transformation from a traditional acquaintance society to a modern stranger society as well as the transformation from a planned economy to a market economy. Establishing and improving a System of Joint Incentive for Honesty and Joint Punishment for Dishonesty is a Chinese solution to citizen dishonesty in contemporary China from the perspective of institutional innovation.

The article deals with certain aspects of the interaction of two neighboring peoples, namely the Mordvins and Tatars, who have been living in the same region for many years. The close Mordovian-Tatar interaction is also evidenced by the allocation of such an ethnographic group as the Karatai in the ethnic structure of the Mordvins. Connections can be traced in the sphere of marriage and family, social order, life and everyday life. Religious differences were a serious obstacle to the creation of ethnically mixed families. Unlike the Mordvins, the peculiarity of the legal life of the Tatar Mishars was the combination of not only the usual legal (adat), but also the religious norms of Islam (Sharia), which did not always coincide. Both Tatar and Mordovian families were large patriarchal, in which the head of the family (bolshak) was the rightful owner. Both Mordvins and Tatars have a tradition of having many children.

The outbreak of the new crown epidemic has had a serious impact on the social and economic development of China and Kazakhstan, and the power of digital technology has become prominent in the process of fighting against the pandemic and recovering the economy. The pandemic has created new opportunities for the development of the global digital economy, and also provides a new opportunity for China and Kazakhstan to jointly build the “Digital Silk Road”. Meanwhile, under the background of the pandemic, China and Kazakhstan face many challenges to jointly build the “Digital Silk Road”, including political risks, digital governance and security, third country interference and other obstacles. In the future, China and Kazakhstan can start cooperation by improving the risk assessment system, strengthening the level of digital governance, and strengthening China-Kazakhstan strategic mutual trust, so as to accelerate the construction of the “Digital Silk Road” between China and Kazakhstan.

Based on a socio-philosophical analysis, the article examines one of the early currents of Christianity - Arianism in the context of the influence of its basic ideas on the formation of Western culture and statehood. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the perception of God and the world in Arianism and their influence on cultural and religious practices and forms of relationship between the authorities and the church. To achieve the goal, a number of tasks were set related to the study of the specifics of asceticism that arose in Europe under the influence of Arianism, the socio-psychological consequences of celibacy, which determined the characteristics of Western Christian culture and had a significant impact on modern Western culture. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the factors that determined the subordinate role of the state structures of the Western state formations of the Catholic Church. Based on the methods of comparative analysis, systemic and dialectical approaches, the ideas of Arianism are analyzed in comparison with existing approaches to the interpretation of the ideas of the singularity of God the Creator and determining the status of God the Son. The influence of the philosophy of Neoplatonism and Stoicism on the basic ideas of Arianism is revealed. The study shows the influence of the ideas of Arianism on the formation of ideas about the filioque, which determined the dual nature of Western European culture. It is substantiated that the confrontational nature of Arianism gives rise to special ideas about the significance of asceticism, which further lead to the conviction of the need to extend celibacy to all ministers of the church, which. in turn, it gives rise to a situation of exaltation and psychological instability, the perception of reality as a war between the forces of good and evil, in which the Devil is extremely active and carries out a “personal hunt” for each of the clergy. In its extreme versions, this gave rise to psychological stress, which led to the need to relieve tension, including in perverse and illegal ways. Indirectly, these attitudes also stimulated interest in homosexuality and its further widespread distribution in Western European culture. Overestimation of the status of church authorities led to underestimation, and in some cases to direct confrontation with secular state power.