卷 12, 编号 6 (2022)

The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze the ideological foundations of Western legal culture. The main attention is paid to the philosophical and legal, socio-political, religious and moral, natural and climatic factors that determined the processes of evolution of legal culture in the West. Many scientists turn to the problem of the ideological foundations of Western legal culture. The topic is interesting not only for lawyers, but also for philosophers, political scientists, historians, sociologists, as well as for representatives of other branches of science. At each stage of the development of science, different interpretations of the problems can be found, but almost all scientists agree in assessing the common roots of modern legal culture in Western countries. Usually, scholars single out Roman private law, canon law, as well as the philosophy of natural law as unifying principles. Of course, it is difficult to dispute the obvious, but it cannot be said that from a scientific point of view, this problem has been fully studied and is no longer of research interest. This article attempts to delve into the essence of the ideological foundations of Western legal culture. The author examines the problem through the prism of the forms of Western civilization - Romano-Germanic and Anglo-American, deeply interconnected and having common roots. The importance of natural and climatic conditions, geographical space, universal connections provided by the united church, which revealed that special type of personality who sought to individualize his life, is also noted. If in the East people aspired to communality, then the isolation of the individual was characteristic of the West, but it should be noted that due to the densely populated Europe, its multinational nature, the lack of free land, people were inclined to resolve conflict cases through the conclusion of an agreement on a compromise basis. These circumstances obliged people, through compromise, to establish uniform rules, the observance of which was ensured by the state. These rules were primarily focused on respect for individual rights and freedoms, respect for private property, etc. The further development of Western civilization, which was based on the ideas of respect for individual rights and freedoms, led to the birth of the foundations of civil society, the existence of which was determined by the postulates of the rule of law. The realization of the ideas of the rule of law and civil society has determined the vector of development of Western countries, which is the basis for their development in the paradigm of liberal values.

The main task in the article is to describe the conditions for an effective domestic policy of the Russian Federation. The authors justified the neo-institutional method as the most effective for analysis. Several institutional practices of domestic policy are described based on this method. The trends in the development of Russia’s domestic policy are proved with the help of neo-institutionalism. The authors conclude that neo-institutionalism can explain the interdependence between public trust, opportunistic behavior, and the incorrect operation of political institutions. Transaction costs can be reduced by improving institutional practices. The authors proposed a model of social behavior. This model will facilitate the reproduction of institutional relations by political actors.

The purpose of writing a research paper is to substantiate and test specific methods for diagnosing the ethnopolitical situation in a geopolitically significant region of the Russian Federation, taking into account the impact of the most complex foreign policy challenges and global turbulence. On the basis of the riskological paradigm and conflictological diagnostics, the factors causing the danger of escalation of regional tension in the subjects of the Southern Federal District are identified on the materials of the Krasnodar Territory. The research project analyzes the changing vectors of socio-political relations, the causes of regional conflict and their impact on the processes of constructing socio-political identities, with an emphasis on the specifics of interethnic and interfaith relations among young people. The conflictological diagnostics of a number of new factors causing risks of aggravation of ethnic contradictions and regional destabilization is carried out.

The present study is devoted to the analysis of the legal background of the laics associations emergence and activity in the Kiev mitropolia in the second half of the XVI century, including church, parish and “honey” brotherhoods, guilds and collective patrons of orthodox churches. The aim of the work is to assess the nature and degree of secular and ecclesiastical legislation influence on the emergence and methods of legitimization of Orthodox religious associations in the second half of the XVI century. The church brotherhoods of the end of the XVI century were the result of the evolution of traditional territorial unions that arose on the Ukrainian-Belarusian lands even before the adoption of Christianity. The factors of the evolution were the spread and deepening of Christian practices, and later the entry of orthodox lands into the catholic Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Western European legal system assumed the written consolidation of legal customs and legal facts. In the contact orthodox-catholic zone there were closely related catholic professional and religious unions of laypeople, whose statutory documents became models for copying. Finally, the third factor was the influence of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, which provoked an increase in interest in the affairs of religion and the church among the orthodox laics and led to the emergence of church confraternities and confraternal movement. At the same time, the confraternal movement is a purely Orthodox phenomenon. Assessing the discrepancies between the church law norms and the confraternal ideology provisions, it should be emphasized that the confraternities rejected the norms that had the status of church custom, and in some provisions turned out to be closer to the canonical norm than the contemporary practice of the church.

The purpose of this study is to study the conditions for the successful adaptation of domestic and foreign experience in assessing sustainable regional development in the domestic program-target concept of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation. At the theoretical level, domestic models for assessing sustainable regional development are considered and their characteristic features are highlighted, which allow us to study a whole range of existing methodological approaches in this area. Also in this paper, the characteristics of foreign models for assessing sustainable regional development are studied, taking into account the analysis of regulatory and legal aspects related to sustainable regional development and the features of its assessment. Within the framework of the implemented research, the authors carried out a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign models in terms of the possibility of adapting experience into the domestic program-target concept of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation. The possibilities and limitations associated with the integration of domestic and foreign methods of assessing the sustainable development of regions among themselves are described. Conclusions. Based on the results obtained, the authors formulated recommendations regarding the creation of conditions for the successful adaptation of domestic and foreign experience in assessing sustainable regional development in the domestic program-target concept of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation.

The regulation of microfinance institutions is possible through understanding the structure of their work, the typology of possible deviant practices, as well as with an established system of control of each stage of interaction of such organizations with both the state and the client. Understanding how clients interact with microfinance institutions helps to identify problems in controlling their activities, as well as to develop mechanisms to protect the consumer. This research uses automated content analysis to identify key issues faced by clients of microfinance institutions and provides a framework for quickly identifying these issues by analyzing online comments. Rapid response to complaints from microfinance consumers will not only capture the facts of violations, but also help keep up-to-date the patterns of malpractices.

The article covers the period from 2014 to 2021, complicated by the difficult geopolitical situation against the backdrop of the Ukrainian crisis in 2014 and the subsequent pandemic of a new coronavirus infection. Finnish food companies had to adjust to Russian counterclaims and the food embargo in 2014. In addition, their work has also been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to the basic need to consider the preferences of the Russian consumer, it was necessary to consider the numerous changes that have occurred in recent years, to which companies have had to adapt. To do this, it was important to understand how companies have maintained their positions in the market. The purpose of the research is to examine the peculiarities of the position of Finnish food companies in the Russian market in the context of the food embargo and the coronavirus pandemic. Particular attention is paid to the real cases of the largest Finnish food companies such as Valio, Fazer, Atria. Conclusions. The Russian counterclaims turned out to be unexpected for Finland. In addition to financial losses caused by the crisis for producers, the food embargo also had an indirect effect, which led to disruption of the domestic market and lower producer prices. The unstable situation in the Russian market has significantly complicated the position of Finnish food companies in the market. As a result, companies suffered millions in losses. The COVID-19 pandemic, in turn, despite the need to adapt to new conditions, caused less damage to Finnish food companies in the Russian market than the counterclaims of 2014. Companies have invested in the development of existing products, as well as in the expansion of the range, the most consistent with the new market realities.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the “story of the history of the emergence of European nations” as a historical narrative; the variability of “told stories” presented in the form of scientific sociological discourses reveals significant “ambiguities” (E. Balibar) in the representation of the nation, which provides material (objects) for subject thematization in scientific research. The task is to identify and determine the conditions for the possibility of a consistent representation of the nation and the principle of its structure. The article concludes that the representation of the nation as a “new European phenomenon” is due to the ascent of the “activity paradigm” (J. Agamben), in which “function” and “being” reach “indistinguishability” in reality; in the “managerial paradigm” (M. Foucault), the social place of the nation first appears in two interrelated discourses: wars (the nation as the “political form of the people” is the subject of the revolution) and the population (the nation as a “social community” and as a category of scientific sociological discourse). The significance of the normativity of the construction of scientific discourses of the nation in the horizon of liberalism is determined. The first article analyzes the narrative history of the emergence of the first European nation by L. Grinfeld; establishes the reasons why the “republican” “English national identity” is considered exemplary and should be evaluated as the only suitable model for nation-building; reveals the principle of removing the “ambiguity” between the representation of the nation as a “political community” and a “social community” in the horizon of liberal the “republican nation” project.

The purpose of the article is to study the process of gradual withering away of the institution of corporal punishment in Russia of the XVIII century, which began with the cessation of the most barbaric variety of them - punishment by injury to a part of the body. The author shows that the main factor in the abolition of the practice of applying punishments by injury to a body part in the Russian Empire of the XVIII century was the awareness by the state itself of their inefficiency. Punishments by damaging a part of the body caused harm to the state itself, which needed soldiers’ and workers’ hands. Also an important role was played by the spread of the ideas of humanism of the New Age in the XVIII century.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the different projects of the future by thinkers who adhere to the left-wing ideology. Two directions have been established for the development of an image of the future that is intended to replace the unjust socio-economic relations of today. The first direction is related to the demonstration of the shortcomings of the practical implementation of liberalism and neoliberalism, which has taken the outlines of neo-feudalism. The second direction emphasizes the gradual rebirth of capitalism into post-capitalism through the emergence of new classes of precariat, personhood and impersonality, and the emergence of people who exist as individuals. This situation actualizes the search for new ideological approaches in accordance with the changed reality. In addition, more and more evidence confirms the need to reassess the nature and functions of the economy in favor of the principles of post-growth. The possibility of combining the ideas of P. Mason, N. Srnicek and A. Williams to replace capitalism with post-capitalism by expanding the use of information and communication technologies and automation on this basis of all economic activities; reducing working time without reducing its pay; introducing an unconditional basic income and eliminating outdated approaches to work ethics is shown. The implementation of the above approaches can contribute to the establishment of a new counter-hegemonic social order, which will be an alternative to the market economy.

A sharp increase in the degree of isolation of individuals in relation to society has been a landmark phenomenon of the last few decades of the human civilization development. This phenomenon is rather objective by its nature. The development of the economy and information technology contributes to the growth of opportunities for personal development and, as a result, leads to an increase in the degree of independence from the immediate social environment. It can not be overlooked, that along with the obvious advantages, these trends also imply objective threats. At present, it is hard to imagine and assess what global consequences for civilization will be entailed by the degeneration of human capital into a loosely connected assembly of egoistic subjects accustomed to exist in an “isolated cocoon”. One of the visible signals of a potential danger is a lifestyle that involves a permanent dependence on electronic mobile devices and external information resources. “Phubbing” has become a striking defining attribute of new generations behavior. It is a hollowing-out of real communication, its displacement by manipulations with portable mobile devices. These circumstances significantly increase the relevance and importance of research concerning this issue, preparation of qualitative and quantitative models that can adequately describe these processes and indicate possible threats in a timely manner.