Vol 2, No 2 (2020)
- Year: 2020
- Articles: 18
- URL: https://journals.eco-vector.com/2658-4654/issue/view/7764
Articles
Methodology of the modern worldview of the past, history and falsification of history
Abstract
An article about different worldviews by people and states of the past. The methodology of the modern worldview consists in the equally respectful attitude of man to theories (concepts) that explain the past of mankind. The article claims that history is not the past, but recognition, the story of a person about the past: near and far, very distant past. In history, the main thing is the purpose of study. For the purpose of history, the facts of the past are interpreted. A person transfers the purpose of his life to the past and, according to the logic of the goal, studies the past, reflecting what was found in the record in his story about the past. People have different goals in life, hence humanity does not have one, but several theories (concept) of an explanation of the past. The article distinguishes between the fact of the past (objective) and the fact of history (subjective). The fact of the past is the reality of the past without being explained by man, and the fact of history is the fact explained by man. In the story created by man, the main thing is not a fact, but a creative interpretation of the fact in the logic of his goal. The past is one, and the explanations of it by man are different. Each worldview explanation of the past accuses another worldview explanation of the past in distorting the truth of the past, in its falsification. The official (state) history of any state is written according to its purpose. A change in the state’s goal leads to a «rewriting» of the previous history, creating a new creative history for a new goal. The goal of national stories is the consolidation of citizens to realize the goals of their state. The conceptual history of the state is always perceived by its opponents as falsification of history.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):12-15
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Ideological foundations and problems of the methodology of history
Abstract
The objective of the article is a study of influence of worldview on the methodology of history, study of the article based on the ideological approach of B.V. Lichman and the idealistic approach to the history of G.I. Gerasimov's. A retrospective analysis reveals the decisive role of the worldview and the theory of creating the image of the past in relation to the methodology of history. Methodology is defined as the ideal activity of consciousness in cognition, transformation, design and construction. Methodology in history is a way of creating an image of the past within the framework of a certain theory, which defines the main features of this image, as well as the methods and practice of its creation. Since different methods are required to achieve different worldview goals, the methodologies for creating the past are different in different worldview paradigms. The absence in reality of the object of research - the past, creates big problems for its study and reconstruction. Today history is increasingly turning from science knowing the past into the science that constructs it. The most important factor determining this process is the worldview and private historical theories that guide the historian in creating the image of the past, and its subsequent presentation in the form of a text. The article argues that most of the historian’s research, analytical and constructive activities are not reflected in the text. In their practical activities, historians should pay more attention to the methods of its construction along with methods that study the evidence of the past. Historical science must also form its own method of creating a convincing image of the past while continuing to use the methods of literature.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):16-21
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Occupational policy of German authorities in the North Caucasus (1942-1943)
Abstract
Based on archival documents, the article discusses the specifics of the German occupation policy in the North Caucasus (1942-1943), which was different in character from the central regions of Russia and had a rather «soft» character. The factors are analyzed, according to which the original Wehrmacht loyalty to the local population in 1943 was replaced by terror. The reasons for the appearance of collaboration and miscalculations of the Resistance Movement are revealed. It is concluded that the turmoil at the front and the failure of the occupation policy aimed at «flirting» with the highlanders pushed the German command to tighten and violence. The analysis will allow us to take a fresh look at the positive side of the German occupation policy, which will open up the future researchers the scope for a substantive and unbiased attitude to this topic.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):22-27
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Protopop Avvakum Petrov - zealot of «true Russian faith» (to the 400th anniversary of his birth)
Abstract
The article discusses the activities of Avvakum Petrov as the leader of a major religious and social movement in the Russian state, which went down in history under the inaccurate name of «Schism» or Old Believers. Protopop Avvakum Petrov was an adamant zealot of the «true Russian faith», a consistent opponent of «Nikon's novelties». The fiery words of Habakkuk like sparks fell into the souls of his many «spiritual children», inflamed many people. The protest took sometimes very dramatic forms, up to self-immolation and «fiery baptisms» (self-immolation). Protopop Avvakum was repeatedly subjected to exile, including to Siberia, and, in the end, was together with three closest supporters («confederates») - priest Lazarus, monk Epiphanius and deacon Fedor burnt alive after fifteen years of «sitting» in a log house and earthen prison April 14, 1682 in the city of Pustozersk. However, we still remember him as an outstanding, controversial personality, which left a considerable mark in Russian history and culture.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):28-31
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History of the Kyrgyz people and Kyrgyzstan in Russian documents and works of Russian east orientalists
Abstract
The article analyzes the most valuable types of historical sources-documentary sources that have enduring historical and historical significance for studying the history of the Kyrgyz people and Kyrgyzstan. It is noted that their main base is contained in the fund of the central state archives of Kyrgyzstan, Russian and Uzbekistan. The conditional separation of archival documents is indicated, as well as the qualification of a wide range of Russian-language documentary sources in accordance with the chronology, content and forms. Very important news about the history of Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan was presented by the states of Central Asia and Kyrgyzstan. Many of these people still belong to the golden fund of world oriental studies and are considered valuable sources for study the most important problems of the history of Kyrgyz statehood, political history, ethno genesis, the uniqueness of the culture, tradition, customs and literature of our people. It is noted that the most important, rich and versatile information of the history of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan, collected by Russian orientalists in the XVII and early XX centuries.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):32-38
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Medicine in the territory of white governments of the Western and Middle Urals
Abstract
The article analyzes the development of the health care system in the territory of the anti-Bolshevik governments of the Urals during the civil war. The article shows the formation of the public health management system, the peculiarities of the work of medical institutions in the conditions of economic ruin and the omnipotence of the military authorities, describes the methods of fighting the most terrible diseases of the civil war-epidemics of acute infections, showed the strengths and weaknesses of regional medical personnel. The author concluded that the health care system created by the whites remained very weak, and could only provide minimal medical services to the population, he tried to explain the reasons for its weakness.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):39-46
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Creation and development of technologies of automatic armor welding in the USSR 1939-1945
Abstract
The article overviews key problems of the development of automatic welding of armor in the USSR at the pre-war and war periods, the basic prerequisites for its occurrence and shows the technical and economic consequences of its introduction in the tank industry. The importance of this technology caused in the formation of the production base of Soviet tank building in the conditions of evacuation to the east of the country. Traditionally, the technology of automatic welding of armor was estimated as an important achievement of Soviet science and technology, attention was focused for a long time only on the advantages of this technology, which is only partially true. The question of the quality of the welds obtained using this technology began to be discussed only at the present stage of the development of historiography. This work shows the main reasons for the decrease in the mechanical strength of the T-34 tank hulls made using automatic welding during. Application gives overview of the main types of automatic welding machines created in the USSR for the demands of the tank industry during the Great Patriotic war. The publication reflects the role of «Uralmash» as the most important center for the development of automatic armor welding at the Urals and the USSR during the war time. In addition, the question is posed regarding the real authorship of this technology, developed at the Institute of Electric Welding (IEW) of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR under the leadership of academician E.O. Paton, with whose name this discovery is usually associated. The creation of this technology was maintained by the collective creativity of a large group of engineers and researchers, but their names were undeservedly left to come into oblivion.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):47-54
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First commission on the elaboration of the constitution of the Kyrgyz ASSR
Abstract
For the first time the article considers for comparison the general date of the four drafts of the first Constitution of the Kyrgyz ASSR in order to show who, when and how the first projects were prepared. It is very important to analyze how the first commission was formed to draft the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, how and why to whom they were replenished when they prepared these projects, what is the different between them. Controversy surrounding the extent to which indigenous representatives were represented on the constitutional commission the question is about who prepared the first Constitution for the national republic. How actively did the Kyrgyz themselves take part in the studies and did they took part in general, how many Kyrgyz with higher and legal education were part of the first commission to daft the Constitution of the republic. Who exactly was on this commission and what they did in life. It was the last composition, after more then three years of work, that proposed a new, amended and improved draft Constitution (Basic Law) of the Kyrgyz ASSR, which was adopted at the second. All-Kyrgyz Congress of Soviet. We have not only long people, but also many representatives of the older generation who did not know who prepared our first constitution. Having studied archival documents, restoring historical truth, we filled in the gap that was existed so far. In this cottage we managed to restore, by surname, all the members of the first commission to draft the Constitution of the Kyrgyz ASSR.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):55-60
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Megaproject of Uralo-Kuznetskiy plant and timber processing complex of Ural region at the end of 1920-1930
Abstract
In the Soviet Union, during the period of modernization of the late 1920 - early 1940, a number of major projects were implemented, one of which was the Uralo-Kuznetskiy Plant, which involved the integrated use of the resources of the Ural and West Siberian regions. A significant role in this mega-project was given to the forest industry, which provided the industries with wood fuel, forest materials. In historiography, which is represented mainly by works of late 1920 - early 1930 and 1990 - 2010, the role of the forest industry in the project of the Uralo-Kuznetskii Mill is not sufficiently investigated. The author analyzed the works of specialists of the period of «socialist industrialization», materials of the first five-year plan. Conclusions were drawn on the existence of large projects in the forest industry, some of which were not implemented, preservation of the importance of wood for the functioning of Ural metallurgy, reassessment of cooperation ties within the Uralo-Kuznetskiy Plant. The results of the study can be used in formulating at the current stage prospects for the development of the forest industry of the Ural and the Russian Federation in terms of the placement of new industries and the interaction of economic sectors.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):61-65
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The World’s Oldest Pots: On the Dispersal of the Ceramic Innovation among Eurasian hunter-gatherers since the Late Glacial period
Abstract
The earliest ceramic vessels of the world have been produced in southern China by Late Glacial hunter-gatherers in the remote times around 18,000 calBC. Over the following millennia the new technology became known among forager communities in the Russian Amur region, in Japan, Korea, Transbaikalia and ultimately appeared also in the Urals and in eastern and northern central Europe. Contrary to common views of pottery as part of the “Neolithic package”, the Eurasian hunter-gatherer ceramic tradition is an innovation that developed completely independent of other Neolithic traits such as agriculture, animal husbandry and sedentary lifestyle. The paper explores the chronological sequence of the appearance of hunter-gatherer ceramic vessel production on the basis of radiocarbon dates in northern Eurasia from the Pacific coast to the Baltic and outlines promising methodological approaches that currently play a role in researching this much-discussed topic.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):66-78
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Modern historical science of Russia in the scientific work of professor V. D. Kamynin
Abstract
The article analyzes the scientific contribution of the doctor of historical Sciences, Professor of the Ural Federal University first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin Vladimir Dmitrievich Kamynin in the study of the process of transformation of Russian historical science in the late XX - early XXI century. The scope of scientific interests of the scientist is very wide: history of historical science; history and historiography of the history of the Urals, Western Siberia and Russia; source studies; methodology of history; history of international relations; methods of teaching history. The article deals with the activity of V. D. Kamynin as the head of the Ural historiographic school for understanding the innovations made by Russian scientists in the knowledge of national history in the last quarter of a century. The article is written in the genre of a historiographical portrait of a modern scientist, the method of which was developed by V. D. Kamynin. The main attention is paid to the characteristic of historiographical reflection on the works of this scientist, the discourse that is conducted around his scientific creativity is analyzed. It is concluded that almost none of the work of V. D. Kamynin was left without attention from the scientific community of the country. The article describes V. D. Kamynin's approach to teaching history, the meaning of which is to instill students with the skills of multiconceptuality in the assessment of historical material.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):79-87
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The Marxist concept of Russian history
Abstract
The paper considers the cognitive possibilities of the Marxist macrotheory to explain the historical path traversed by Russia. The analysis of the content of modern textbooks for higher education, which use Marxist principles (unity of humanity and the historical process; historical regularity; determinism; progress) and the option of periodization of history (feudalism, capitalism, socialism). Based on the identified content, as well as the publications of modern researchers, an interpretation of the Marxist conceptual version of Russian history is presented. The paper considers the cognitive possibilities of the Marxist macrotheory to explain the historical path traversed by Russia. The Marxist (universalist, formational, historical-materialist) theoretical system provides researchers with proven historical and methodological tools based on: 1) materialistic dialectics, explaining the causes of historical development, its spiral character; 2) the doctrine of communism, explaining the meaning of history, the progressive orientation of the historical process; 3) the theory of socio-economic formations that substantiates the periodization of history; 4) the determining role of economic (mode of production) and social (class struggle, social revolution) factors in history; 5) the search for objective and subjective factors of the historical process. The system-forming concept of this historical model is the concept of a socio-economic formation - a society at a certain stage of historical development, a historically defined type of society.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):88-96
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General Bennigsen and his notes on the Patriotic War of 1812
Abstract
The reason for writing this work served as identified in the study of the historical literature of the contradictions in the assessment of the individual general LL Bennigsen and his activities in command posts of the Russian Imperial Army during the Napoleonic Wars of the beginning of the XIX century. The unsuccessful participation of the Russian army in the wars against Napoleonic France in the first decade of the 19th century. caused a negative reaction in Russian society and the search for the culprits of these failures. A convenient figure for such accusations was General Bennigsen, a citizen of the Elector of Hannover in the Russian service. However, the general himself, with his military service, as well as setting out his vision of the campaigns against Napoleon in his memoirs, consistently and persistently proved his allegiance to the oath, high military professionalism and training. In the subsequent official historical interpretation of the events of the Napoleonic Wars, especially the Patriotic War of 1812, General Bennigsen was assigned the role of an intriguer and a swindler, who, by his actions, interfered with the successful field leadership of the Russian army by Field Marshal M.I. Kutuzov. But the analysis of the campaign of the campaign of 1812, the battles in which General L.L. Bennigsen and his memoirs showed that this is far from the case. Therefore, when no longer relevant power and ideological imperatives that influence the public opinion, etc., and as time went to reconsider the assessment of the personality of General Bennigsen and his contribution to the victory of Russia over Napoleonic France. This will allow us to approach objective truth in the study of historical processes at the beginning of the 19th century. Further study of the activities of the military leaders and staffs of the Russian army by expanding the source base of historical research, including archival documents and memoirs of participants in the Napoleonic wars in European countries, will bring these studies to a new level of historical knowledge.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):97-102
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Review of scientific edition «History of the Belarusian state»
Abstract
The goal of the article was to acquaint readers with a multi-volume scientific publication prepared by the team of the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - «History of Belarusian Statehood» (in five volumes), which is based on the concept of the history of Belarusian statehood developed at this Institute.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):103-109
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Evolution energy industry: historical-system approach to energy-ecological problems
Abstract
The article discusses the relationship between technological development of energy and the emergence of energy and environmental problems. The analysis is carried out within the framework of the historical-system method using the category «social-ecological system» (SES). The basic energy-technological and energy-environmental parameters of the last two SES - the industrial-technological SES of the technosphere society and the biosphere-noospheric SES of a total-technological society - are considered. In TTS, energy ecology will be based on information, genetic engineering and hydrogen fuel. The prospects for dematerialization of energy due to the digitization of the economy and industry are pointed at. It is noted that the socio-ecology of the future global energy system is unresolved, either technologically or legally. It can become a public domain, or it can be turned into a way of enslavement and subjugation of States and regions.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):110-115
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Professor-geologist Dmitry Golubyatnikov: contribution to increasing the efficiency of Apsheronskaya oil industry
Abstract
Dmitry V. Golubyatnikov (1866-1933), a distinguished petroleum geologist of the Geological Committee, Professor of the Moscow mining Academy, chief geologist of the Central management of the oil industry of VSNKh of the USSR. In 1903 the Geological Committee began work in the oil-rich areas. D. V. Golubyatnikov was sent to the Absheron Peninsula. He was a consistent proponent of applying the scientific approach in petroleum Geology. From this approach emerged many practical recommendations and forward-looking assessment of the prospects of oil production. Golubyatnikov acquainted with the geological literature and cartographic materials of the Apsheron Peninsula and was struck by the lack of a developed stratigraphic section of the Peninsula and the lack of paleontological data on the stratigraphic units. Inspection of oil-rich areas, which was published a detailed geological map showed that the information available in published sources, largely at odds with reality and is not amenable to summary, showed obvious discrepancy with the age of different stratigraphic horizons. The rationale of the comparative reliability of individual sections of the Peninsula demanded the geological foundations in the form of a composite stratigraphic section and geologic maps. With the aim of making the incision of the Peninsula of pigeon turned to the prospecting of outcrops. A big success for him was the cut of the Apsheron layer, opened by a tunnel carried out for the descent of the water of Ramana dairy lake. The tunnel length 2715 m opened the whole series of rocks of the Apsheron layer. The fauna found here have allowed Golubjatnikova to identify three horizon layer according to types of shellfish. This scheme still lies at the core of the breakdown of the Apsheron layer. Golubyatnikova stratigraphic discoveries were many, and they allow to understand the complex Geology of the prospective area. Snipers have aimed not only to create a detailed geological map of the entire territory of the Absheron Peninsula, but also to make special, special formation card. About them then many people have already said, but in fact nobody imagined that it is. Only after the work Golubyatnikova has been found ways to image the structure's interior, with maps of underground terrain (structural) normal and detailed cross sections and profiles with an indication of separate layers. Such graphic images have been extremely useful for the oil industry practitioners to understand the context of the oilfields and aquifers. Highlighted by Golubjatnikova reference horizons of the section really helped deciphering whimsical web layers. Work on the study of Geology of the Azerbaijan oil fields by D. V. Golubyatnikov began almost a virgin.In the process of this work, he laid the foundation of the branch of oil geology, which received the name of the oil field. Golubyatnikov was a pioneer in the creation of concrete ideas about the structure of the subsoil of oil fields, in the graphical representation of their images, the identification of oil and gas strata, the identification of the relationship between the individual members of the stratigraphic section, their structural forms and distribution of oil, geothermal and hydrochemical studies of oil fields. The core of his approach was the compilation of detailed reservoir maps of oil reservoirs, and then atlases, which became an innovation in world petroleum geology. Carefully studying hundreds of wells in the Absheron oil fields, especially oil-bearing strata, the chemical composition of oil, its physical properties and deviations, he actually created a science of oil geology. The richest oil province of Azerbaijan was replete with the whimsical structure of oil reservoirs and often some of them were missed during searches. This required special techniques and technologies that proposed Golubyatnikov. Bold and reasonable forecasts of Golubyatnikov - Baby-Heybat, Surahani, Kobistan dramatically increased the oil capabilities of Azerbaijan.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):116-122
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Social stereotypes as a factor in the formation of a negative perception of the image of a migrant on the example of the French Republic in 2015-2016
Abstract
The article is devoted to the study and analysis of the main stereotypes about migrants, forming their image in the public mind on the example of France - one of the multinational and developed states of the European Union with a long history of receiving and adapting immigrants. Particular attention in the study is given to the analysis of the reasons and methods for the formation of a number of socio-economic prejudices in the context of assessing the role of immigrants in the French economy, their impact on crime and the social security system. The chronological framework includes 2015-2016, when not only France, but all of Europe was in the grip of powerful migration flows and survived a series of terrorist attacks in several cities and countries of the European Union. A separate issue is considered the problem of legal and illegal immigration and its perception in French society based on opinion polls Eurobarometer. The thesis is put forward that social stereotypes about migrants are a factor hindering their effective integration into the host cultural community. The prevalence and rootedness of such prejudices is largely due to the low awareness of the population about the real extent of immigration and the main directions of integration of the foreign population on the example of the French Republic. The article concludes that some ideas about immigrants are false as a burden for the social security system of France, a destructive element in the structure of the national economy and a catalyst for increasing crime rates. Attention is focused on the exceptional importance of the migration resource in the development of the political, sociocultural, and mainly economic spheres of French society.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):123-131
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Russian diplomatic initiatives in the Arctic Council in 2014-2020
Abstract
The article conceptualizes Russia's position in the Arctic agenda in order to identify potential points of contact between the interests of the Russian Federation and other actors interested in developing and expanding cooperation in the Arctic region. The principles of the Russian Federation's policy in the Arctic are analyzed. The article examines the activities of Russian diplomats in the Arctic Council. The leading role of the Arctic Council among other international organizations in the Arctic is recognized by most Russian and foreign experts. The main activities of the Council are focused on protecting the environment, maintaining communication between members of the international community in the Arctic, protecting the rights of indigenous peoples living in the Arctic, monitoring navigation and mining. The authors have focused on characterizing the nature, specificity and the share of Russian diplomatic initiatives in the Arctic within the Arctic Council with the increase of conflicts in international relations after the outbreak of the Ukrainian crisis and at the present time. The article analyzes the relationship of the Russian Federation with the main actors of the Arctic region. It is concluded that it is necessary to generalize the experience of the Russian Federation's diplomatic activity within the framework of the Chairmanship of various States in the Arctic Council, starting in 2014, taking into account the international political context, in order to prepare the future Russian presidency in the Arctic Council from 2021 to 2023, as well as to further understand the evolution of Arctic processes from the point of view of the Russian Federation.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2020;2(2):132-141
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