Том 2, № 2 (2020)

The objective of the article is a study of influence of worldview on the methodology of history, study of the article based on the ideological approach of B.V. Lichman and the idealistic approach to the history of G.I. Gerasimov's. A retrospective analysis reveals the decisive role of the worldview and the theory of creating the image of the past in relation to the methodology of history. Methodology is defined as the ideal activity of consciousness in cognition, transformation, design and construction. Methodology in history is a way of creating an image of the past within the framework of a certain theory, which defines the main features of this image, as well as the methods and practice of its creation. Since different methods are required to achieve different worldview goals, the methodologies for creating the past are different in different worldview paradigms. The absence in reality of the object of research - the past, creates big problems for its study and reconstruction. Today history is increasingly turning from science knowing the past into the science that constructs it. The most important factor determining this process is the worldview and private historical theories that guide the historian in creating the image of the past, and its subsequent presentation in the form of a text. The article argues that most of the historian’s research, analytical and constructive activities are not reflected in the text. In their practical activities, historians should pay more attention to the methods of its construction along with methods that study the evidence of the past. Historical science must also form its own method of creating a convincing image of the past while continuing to use the methods of literature.

The article discusses the activities of Avvakum Petrov as the leader of a major religious and social movement in the Russian state, which went down in history under the inaccurate name of «Schism» or Old Believers. Protopop Avvakum Petrov was an adamant zealot of the «true Russian faith», a consistent opponent of «Nikon's novelties». The fiery words of Habakkuk like sparks fell into the souls of his many «spiritual children», inflamed many people. The protest took sometimes very dramatic forms, up to self-immolation and «fiery baptisms» (self-immolation). Protopop Avvakum was repeatedly subjected to exile, including to Siberia, and, in the end, was together with three closest supporters («confederates») - priest Lazarus, monk Epiphanius and deacon Fedor burnt alive after fifteen years of «sitting» in a log house and earthen prison April 14, 1682 in the city of Pustozersk. However, we still remember him as an outstanding, controversial personality, which left a considerable mark in Russian history and culture.

The article analyzes the development of the health care system in the territory of the anti-Bolshevik governments of the Urals during the civil war. The article shows the formation of the public health management system, the peculiarities of the work of medical institutions in the conditions of economic ruin and the omnipotence of the military authorities, describes the methods of fighting the most terrible diseases of the civil war-epidemics of acute infections, showed the strengths and weaknesses of regional medical personnel. The author concluded that the health care system created by the whites remained very weak, and could only provide minimal medical services to the population, he tried to explain the reasons for its weakness.

For the first time the article considers for comparison the general date of the four drafts of the first Constitution of the Kyrgyz ASSR in order to show who, when and how the first projects were prepared. It is very important to analyze how the first commission was formed to draft the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, how and why to whom they were replenished when they prepared these projects, what is the different between them. Controversy surrounding the extent to which indigenous representatives were represented on the constitutional commission the question is about who prepared the first Constitution for the national republic. How actively did the Kyrgyz themselves take part in the studies and did they took part in general, how many Kyrgyz with higher and legal education were part of the first commission to daft the Constitution of the republic. Who exactly was on this commission and what they did in life. It was the last composition, after more then three years of work, that proposed a new, amended and improved draft Constitution (Basic Law) of the Kyrgyz ASSR, which was adopted at the second. All-Kyrgyz Congress of Soviet. We have not only long people, but also many representatives of the older generation who did not know who prepared our first constitution. Having studied archival documents, restoring historical truth, we filled in the gap that was existed so far. In this cottage we managed to restore, by surname, all the members of the first commission to draft the Constitution of the Kyrgyz ASSR.

The earliest ceramic vessels of the world have been produced in southern China by Late Glacial hunter-gatherers in the remote times around 18,000 calBC. Over the following millennia the new technology became known among forager communities in the Russian Amur region, in Japan, Korea, Transbaikalia and ultimately appeared also in the Urals and in eastern and northern central Europe. Contrary to common views of pottery as part of the “Neolithic package”, the Eurasian hunter-gatherer ceramic tradition is an innovation that developed completely independent of other Neolithic traits such as agriculture, animal husbandry and sedentary lifestyle. The paper explores the chronological sequence of the appearance of hunter-gatherer ceramic vessel production on the basis of radiocarbon dates in northern Eurasia from the Pacific coast to the Baltic and outlines promising methodological approaches that currently play a role in researching this much-discussed topic.

The paper considers the cognitive possibilities of the Marxist macrotheory to explain the historical path traversed by Russia. The analysis of the content of modern textbooks for higher education, which use Marxist principles (unity of humanity and the historical process; historical regularity; determinism; progress) and the option of periodization of history (feudalism, capitalism, socialism). Based on the identified content, as well as the publications of modern researchers, an interpretation of the Marxist conceptual version of Russian history is presented. The paper considers the cognitive possibilities of the Marxist macrotheory to explain the historical path traversed by Russia. The Marxist (universalist, formational, historical-materialist) theoretical system provides researchers with proven historical and methodological tools based on: 1) materialistic dialectics, explaining the causes of historical development, its spiral character; 2) the doctrine of communism, explaining the meaning of history, the progressive orientation of the historical process; 3) the theory of socio-economic formations that substantiates the periodization of history; 4) the determining role of economic (mode of production) and social (class struggle, social revolution) factors in history; 5) the search for objective and subjective factors of the historical process. The system-forming concept of this historical model is the concept of a socio-economic formation - a society at a certain stage of historical development, a historically defined type of society.

The goal of the article was to acquaint readers with a multi-volume scientific publication prepared by the team of the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - «History of Belarusian Statehood» (in five volumes), which is based on the concept of the history of Belarusian statehood developed at this Institute.

Dmitry V. Golubyatnikov (1866-1933), a distinguished petroleum geologist of the Geological Committee, Professor of the Moscow mining Academy, chief geologist of the Central management of the oil industry of VSNKh of the USSR. In 1903 the Geological Committee began work in the oil-rich areas. D. V. Golubyatnikov was sent to the Absheron Peninsula. He was a consistent proponent of applying the scientific approach in petroleum Geology. From this approach emerged many practical recommendations and forward-looking assessment of the prospects of oil production. Golubyatnikov acquainted with the geological literature and cartographic materials of the Apsheron Peninsula and was struck by the lack of a developed stratigraphic section of the Peninsula and the lack of paleontological data on the stratigraphic units. Inspection of oil-rich areas, which was published a detailed geological map showed that the information available in published sources, largely at odds with reality and is not amenable to summary, showed obvious discrepancy with the age of different stratigraphic horizons. The rationale of the comparative reliability of individual sections of the Peninsula demanded the geological foundations in the form of a composite stratigraphic section and geologic maps. With the aim of making the incision of the Peninsula of pigeon turned to the prospecting of outcrops. A big success for him was the cut of the Apsheron layer, opened by a tunnel carried out for the descent of the water of Ramana dairy lake. The tunnel length 2715 m opened the whole series of rocks of the Apsheron layer. The fauna found here have allowed Golubjatnikova to identify three horizon layer according to types of shellfish. This scheme still lies at the core of the breakdown of the Apsheron layer. Golubyatnikova stratigraphic discoveries were many, and they allow to understand the complex Geology of the prospective area. Snipers have aimed not only to create a detailed geological map of the entire territory of the Absheron Peninsula, but also to make special, special formation card. About them then many people have already said, but in fact nobody imagined that it is. Only after the work Golubyatnikova has been found ways to image the structure's interior, with maps of underground terrain (structural) normal and detailed cross sections and profiles with an indication of separate layers. Such graphic images have been extremely useful for the oil industry practitioners to understand the context of the oilfields and aquifers. Highlighted by Golubjatnikova reference horizons of the section really helped deciphering whimsical web layers. Work on the study of Geology of the Azerbaijan oil fields by D. V. Golubyatnikov began almost a virgin.In the process of this work, he laid the foundation of the branch of oil geology, which received the name of the oil field. Golubyatnikov was a pioneer in the creation of concrete ideas about the structure of the subsoil of oil fields, in the graphical representation of their images, the identification of oil and gas strata, the identification of the relationship between the individual members of the stratigraphic section, their structural forms and distribution of oil, geothermal and hydrochemical studies of oil fields. The core of his approach was the compilation of detailed reservoir maps of oil reservoirs, and then atlases, which became an innovation in world petroleum geology. Carefully studying hundreds of wells in the Absheron oil fields, especially oil-bearing strata, the chemical composition of oil, its physical properties and deviations, he actually created a science of oil geology. The richest oil province of Azerbaijan was replete with the whimsical structure of oil reservoirs and often some of them were missed during searches. This required special techniques and technologies that proposed Golubyatnikov. Bold and reasonable forecasts of Golubyatnikov - Baby-Heybat, Surahani, Kobistan dramatically increased the oil capabilities of Azerbaijan.

The article conceptualizes Russia's position in the Arctic agenda in order to identify potential points of contact between the interests of the Russian Federation and other actors interested in developing and expanding cooperation in the Arctic region. The principles of the Russian Federation's policy in the Arctic are analyzed. The article examines the activities of Russian diplomats in the Arctic Council. The leading role of the Arctic Council among other international organizations in the Arctic is recognized by most Russian and foreign experts. The main activities of the Council are focused on protecting the environment, maintaining communication between members of the international community in the Arctic, protecting the rights of indigenous peoples living in the Arctic, monitoring navigation and mining. The authors have focused on characterizing the nature, specificity and the share of Russian diplomatic initiatives in the Arctic within the Arctic Council with the increase of conflicts in international relations after the outbreak of the Ukrainian crisis and at the present time. The article analyzes the relationship of the Russian Federation with the main actors of the Arctic region. It is concluded that it is necessary to generalize the experience of the Russian Federation's diplomatic activity within the framework of the Chairmanship of various States in the Arctic Council, starting in 2014, taking into account the international political context, in order to prepare the future Russian presidency in the Arctic Council from 2021 to 2023, as well as to further understand the evolution of Arctic processes from the point of view of the Russian Federation.