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Vol 72, No 4 (2023)
Pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacognosy
Study of the essential oil composition of the of golden chamomile (Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Sch. Bip.) Growing in Syria by GLC-MS
Abstract
Introduction. Golden chamomile Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Shultz-Bip. is actively used in ethnomedicine of the Middle East for neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory diseases, as well as diseases of the digestive system. M. aurea is a promising medicinal plant for the Syrian pharmaceutical industry. Due to the fact that there are no indicators of the quality of the raw materials of M. aurea growing in Syria, and the methodology for its standardization, and the available data on the chemical composition are insufficient, an in-depth study of the target fragment of the metabolome, including the study of the composition of the essential oil, is relevant.
Objective: investigation of the essential oil content in the raw materials of M. aurea growing in Syria and its composition by the method of GC-MS.
Material and methods. The object of the study is the dried aboveground part of the golden chamomile M. aurea (Loefl.) Sch. Bip., harvested during flowering in April 2021 in the Damascus region. Extraction of essential oil was carried out by hydrodistillation. The composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS) on a Varian 450GLC-220MS, mass spectrometer with an ion trap type mass analyzer, on a FactorFOUR VF-5ms quartz capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm).
Results. There were found 150 chemical compounds in samples of the essential oils of golden chamomile Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Sch. Bip. using the GLC-MS method, 68 substances out of which were identified. The main component of test samples is diepicedren-1-oxide and (or) aristolene epoxide. There were found terpenoids in the both samples: camphor, 2-(2,4-hexadiynylidene)-1,6-dioxaspiro(4.4)non-3-ene (tonghaosu), 1,8-cineol, caryophyllene, trans-chrysanthenyl acetate, α-farnesene, β-pinene, caryophyllene oxide, gossonorol, nerol, lavandulyl acetate, epi-α-bisabolol, 4-terpineol, as well as bornyl acetate, Δ- and γ-cadinene, spatulenol, α -santalol, τ-muurol, linalool, thymol; acid esters (isopropyl myristate, 3-methyl-2-butenoic acid tridec-2-ynyl ester), hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols. There is a minor difference between the two samples in content of the following components: artemisia ketone, limonen-6-ol pivalate, α- and β-santalol, trans-z-α-bisabolene epoxide, isomentyl acetate, 1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methyl )-2-azulenol and others.
Conclusion. Basing on literature data and essential oils components analysis it was found that the main substance is sesquiterpene oxide. Presumably essential oil could belong to different chemotypes, for example, diepicedren-1-oxide (aristolene epoxide), bisabolol A oxide or caryophyllene oxide.
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Study of morphological and micro-diagnostic signs of the alfalfa crescent herb (Medicago falcata L.)
Abstract
Introduction. Alfalfa crescent (Medicago falcata L.) is widespread in the regions of the middle belt of Russia. It is not used in official medicine, because there is no normative documentation for its herb raw material. In this regard, the study of morphological and microdiagnostic signs of alfalfa crescent herb is relevant
Objective. Is to develop the characteristics of the authenticity of Alfalfa crescent herb (morphological and microscopic signs of raw materials) to form the relevant sections of the regulatory documentation.
Material and methods. The selected object of the study was Alfalfa crescent herb harvested in 2020–2022 in the vicinity of Marshal Zhukov G.K. settlement in Kursk Region. Microscopic studies of Alfalfa crescent herb raw material were carried out using temporary preparations prepared from different parts of raw material. Microscope «Micromed C1 Led» with a digital attachment was used to obtain photos and study the micro preparations.
Results. The external (morphological) signs of raw material and its microdiagnostic signs are established. Under stem epidermis there are crystals and cells with brown contents. The stomata are of the anomocyte type. The epidermis of the stem, compound leaflets, and calyx is pubescent with two-celled thick-walled hairs with finely and coarsely cuticle with a slightly widening base. Around the base of setae, epidermal cells form a rosette of 7–9 cells. Along the calyx and vein of the compound leaflets, a crystalline overlay is found. Papilla-shaped outgrowths of epidermal cells are located along the edge of the calyx teeth and the upper part of the corolla. Beneath the epidermis of the calyx, bacilliform prismatic calcium oxalate crystals are located.
Conclusion. Our studies have provided new information about morphological and anatomical features of the Alfalfa crescent herb.
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Evaluation of plant extract stress-protective activity
Abstract
Introduction. One of the most important tasks of medical science at the present stage is the development and introduction of new effective medicines intended for the prevention and treatment of socially significant diseases of the digestive organs, including stomach ulcer. Given the polyvalence of the etiology of gastric ulcer, a possible approach to pharmacotherapy of this disease may be the use of multicomponent plant compositions.
Objective: study of stress-protective activity of a multicomponent extract under immobilized stress model conditions in laboratory animals.
Material and methods. Acute toxicity of the developed plant extract was studied according to the Kerber method. Stress-protective activity was studied with 7-day administration of the extract at an experimental therapeutic dose of 150 mg/kg against the background of an experimental model of immobilized stress in rats. For this purpose, stress reaction parameters were determined: spleen and thymus involution, number of lesions in gastric mucosa with Pauls index count. Activity of antioxidant system and intensity of free radical oxidation processes by catalase activity and content of malonic dialdehyde were determined in blood serum.
Results. The obtained data indicate the presence of a reliably pronounced stress-protective effect in the studied extract during its course administration to rats due to the obstacle to the development of signs of the Selje triad. Also, the extract has a reliably pronounced antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing effect.
Conclusion. Multicomponent plant extract when administered in course in experimental therapeutic dose against background of immobilized stress in rats shows pronounced stress-protective effect, has antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing effect. The developed extract is a promising object for creating a new effective drug for use in complex therapy in patients with gastric ulcer.
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Morphological and microscopic features of Prunella vulgaris L. herb
Abstract
Introduction. Authenticity of medicinal plant raw materials implies the conformity of this raw material to the name under which it enters production, in terms of "external signs" and "microscopic signs". These indicators are established for P. vulgaris herb.
Objective: Establishment of the main diagnostic external and microscopic features of Prunella vulgaris L. herb, which should be detected when determining the authenticity of this medicinal plant raw materials.
Material and methods. The study was carried out with air-dry raw materials – Prunella vulgaris herb, collected in the flowering phase – the beginning of fruiting. Various types of optical microscopy were used: light, fluorescent, and stereomicroscopy.
Results. Main diagnostic morphological features of Prunella vulgaris L. are leaf form and leaf edge, degree of pubescence, corolla color which are observed using stereo microscopy. P. vulgaris leafs have ovoid or lanceolate form with whole edge, less often with dentate-crenate edge. The main diagnostic microscopic features are petiolar features such as collateral closed vascular bundles, one central large and two side in the P. vulgaris petiole Autoluminescence of leaf tissue are different.
Conclusion. We detected main morphological and anatomical features of Prunella vulgaris L. herb using optical microscopy: light, luminescent and stereo. We also detected new diagnostic features and clarified the structure of leafs, stems, flowers and seeds. These results may be used for project of pharmacopoeia article «Prunella herb» in the chapter «Autheticity».
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Technology of medicines
Development of technology for obtaining a dry extract from the Scutellaria Iscanderi Juz. herb
Abstract
Introduction. Plants of the genus Scutellaria L. are widely used in medicine in the treatment of various diseases. One of the common species of the genus Scutellaria L. in Uzbekistan is Scutellaria Iscanderi Juz., which contains flavonoids, tannins and has an effective sedative effect.
Objective: to develop an optimal technology for the production of dry extract from the S. Iscanderi herb.
Material and methods. The object of the study is the S. Iscanderi herb, as well as liquid and dry extracts based on it. Determination of technological parameters of the extraction process was carried out in accordance with well-known methods. The quantitative content of the sum of flavonoids was determined by the spectrophotometric method, the content of tannins was determined by the method of volumetric permanganometric titration.
Results. A technology has been developed for obtaining a dry extract from the S. Iscanderi herb. The optimal extractant and extraction conditions were experimentally established.
Conclusion. The data on the substantiation of the technology for obtaining a dry extract from the S. Iscanderi herb is presented.
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Development of anti-adhesion membrane technology for isolation of intestinal anastomosis
Abstract
Introduction. According to statistics, the incidence of complications after operations on the abdominal organs in the form of peritoneal adhesions is 63–97%. Most often, PS are formed after surgical interventions on the intestine, resulting in the development of intestinal obstruction. This complication can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, necrosis, abdominal abscess, kidney failure, intestinal perforation, and sepsis. Currently, the lack of effective anti-adhesion barriers determines the relevance of the development of new domestic remedies for the prevention of the development of postoperative adhesions, especially during surgical interventions on the intestines.
Purpose of the study. Development of a technology for obtaining a biodegradable anti-adhesion membrane.
Material and methods. To obtain a biodegradable antiadhesion membrane, a mixture of biopolymer solutions of chitosan and gelatin in various ratios was used as film formers. Anti-adhesion membranes were obtained by Young's method. Biodegradation was studied in rat blood plasma and sodium phosphate buffer solution.
Results. In the course of the studies, it was found that the temperature and humidity at which drying is performed do not have a significant effect on the qualitative characteristics of the membranes, and the main factors that determine their structural and mechanical properties are the composition and thickness of the layer of the mixture of film formers. Thus, membranes based on film-forming solutions of gelatin and chitosan in ratios of 2.5:1.5 provide a tensile strength of 86.4 MPa, an elongation at break of 6.7%, a thickness of 34 μm, which is considered satisfactory indicators of the structural and mechanical properties of biodegradable antiadhesion agents. membranes.
Conclusion. A technology for obtaining a biodegradable anti-adhesion membrane based on biopolymers has been developed. In rat blood plasma, membrane degradation occurred much faster than in sodium phosphate buffer solution, which indicates enzymatic degradation of membranes.
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Influence of sorption of polydimethylsiloxane on the determination of its content in tablet mixtures
Abstract
Introduction. Excipients with sorption properties are used in pharmacy as carriers, glidants, stabilizers, thickeners. However, their use is limited by potentially incomplete desorption of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), which can affect quantification of API. Accuracy of determining the content of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which is main component of simethicone, is significantly depends on drug matrix.
Objective: to investigate sorption of PDMS in tablets containing simethicone and magaldrate. Evaluate the contribution of individual components of tablet mixture (TM) to degree of sorption.
Material and methods. TM of different composition were analyzed. The quantitative content of PDMS in TM was determined by gel permeation chromatography with refractometric detector.
Results. The different grades of magaldrate, probably differing in the ratio of amorphous and crystalline phases, exhibit different sorption activity to PDMS. The granulation of magaldrate with hypromelose reduce sorption of PDMS on the antacid. The most significant sorption of PDMS was observed in presence of silicon dioxide (SD). While complete desorption of PDMS did not occur. Direct relationship has been established between the amount of SD and the amount of sorbed PDMS.
Conclusion. We found that the main reason for decrease in degree of transition of PDMS into solution from simethicone and magaldrate TM is sorption of the polymer by antacid and SD. In case of magaldrate, we chose the conditions that allow complete desorption of polymer. While the similar structure of PDMS and SD, covalent and noncovalent interactions leads to partial chemisorption of PDMS and, consequently, its incomplete desorption.
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Birch mushroom (chaga): characteristics of the chemical composition, biological activity and processed products
Abstract
Introduction. The article presents information about the chemical composition and biological activity of the birch fungus – chaga (Inonotus obliquus). The biological activity of chaga is provided by its main components: polysaccharides, polyphenols, triterpenes, melanin, etc. A number of studies are presented that prove the antiproliferative, antiviral, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective activity of the biologically active substances of chaga. Information is presented with various methods for obtaining chaga extract.
The biological active additive based on the extract of birch fungus (chaga) – "BioChaga", produced according to the original technology, by the Irkutsk company LLC "SibPribor" under the trademark "Baikal Legend" is considered. The high quality of the described biologically active additive "BioChaga" is due to the combination of environmentally friendly, rich in biologically active substances, medicinal plant raw materials of the chaga of the Baikal region and the author's technology for its processing. As a result of circulating extraction followed by lyophilization of the extract, an instant dry extract of chaga with a low density and high biological activity was obtained.
Conclusion. The information presented in the article on the composition of biologically active substances, their activity, as well as the technology for obtaining chaga extract indicates the prospects for using birch fungus (Inonotus obliquus) as a source for obtaining medicines and biologically active additives.
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