Vol VI, No 1 (1898)

Finishing this description of my preparations, I proceed to summarize the data obtained by me and compare them with the results obtained by other researchers. As for the anterior leg, disagreements between the authors exist both regarding the place of its beginning in the cerebellum, and regarding its intersection, as well as regarding the place of its ending.

You can, of course, if you wish, you can bring a lot of facts testifying to the ill-treatment of the servants with the sick, but it is quite enough for us and this. If we add to the facts of rude treatment and beatings, there are still a lot of facts of poor performance of their duties, omissions, oversights, etc., then, of course, the unsatisfactory quality of the attitude of the servants in our psychiatric institutions will become obvious. If we pay attention to the numerical attitude of the servants to the sick in our hospitals and compare our Russian digital data with those in German hospitals, we will get an extra indication that the servants in our psychiatric hospitals are bad. According to the table I cite now, you see that in most of the named in it (in 17 out of 27) Russian hospitals the prevailing ratio is from 5 to 6¹/₂ patients per servant, then there is a ratio of 4-4¹/₂ patients per servant; the ratio of 7, 8, 9 patients to one servant is met literally in isolated cases.

Starting at the end of the 16th century (Volcherus Goiter - 1573) and up to our time, about sixty authors studied the accessory nerve, partly dedicating special work to it, partly giving their views on the course and ending of this nerve in the textbooks of anatomy and histology published by them. Such persistence in the study of the accessory nerve is explained by the duality of its central beginnings and endings, that is, its origin both from the oblong and from the spinal cord. Already with a rough anatomical examination, it is clear that part of the roots emerging from the lower part of the medulla oblongata, not reaching the foramen jugulare of the skull, joins the nerve trunk, which runs along the lateral surface of the spinal cord and is formed by the connection of the roots emerging from the lateral brain. This common nerve trunk, emerging from the cranial cavity through the foram. jugulare and consisting of N. accessorius vagi and N. accessorius spinalis, received the name N. accessorius Willissi, named after Thomas’a Willis’a (1682) who described it. After exiting the foramen jugulare, the nerve gives a thin v-point (ramus internus — according to Heihendain’y) to the plexus ganglioformis n. vagi, and another, thick branch, is sent to the muscles (m. sternocleido-mastoideus). Thus, without the help of a microscope, a close connection between the XI and X pairs of cranial nerves is visible. To this, it must be added that the roots of the XI nerve, emerging from the lower sections of the medulla oblongata, produce the impression of the lower roots of the X nerve, and only their entry into the common trunk of the accessory nerve forces them to be referred to it. Heidenhain, using a physiological method, proved the connection between the accessory nerve and the vagus: he pulled out the accessory nerve in rabbits on the neck and after a few days after the operation did not receive the usual slowing of heartbeats with irritation of the vagus nerve; From this, the author concludes that the retarding heartbeat fibers of the vagus nerve receive an additional one through the ramus internus. Further, the author comes to the conclusion that the fibers of the accessory nerve, which delay the heartbeat, originate from the medulla oblongata. To confirm this view, Heidenhain cites experiments in which he, during artificial respiration of an animal, provided a cut of the medulla oblongata at the apex of the pen (calamus scriptorius) and below; with a slowdown of artificial respiration in the first case, a slowdown of the heartbeat was obtained, and in the second it did not work. Finally, in rabbits, after the accessory nerve was torn out, the laryngeal paralysis was as clearly expressed as after the X nerve was cut; food got into the respiratory tract, and the animals died from pneumonia, which usually began with the upper lobes).

In the literature on the issue of tendon reflexes, as far as I know, with the exception of the works of Eulenburg and Féré, there are no indications and special works concerning the observation of the ratio between the size of the latent period, the height and length of the muscle. Apparently, these parts of the graphical depiction of reflexes should be in certain relations one to another, expressed approximately by the formula expressed by the mentioned scientists that the magnitude of the latent period and the magnitude of the reflex are inversely proportional.

Some 150 years passed since the time when the idea was first expressed that the source of nervous power is electricity (Gausen, 1743). So much noise was overtaken in the past century by Mesmer's statements, which also explained how the special manifestation of electrical and magnetic forces, even more strengthened the faith, if not into identity, then) at least, into a close kinship of the energetic beginning of electricity. But, apart from abstract considerations, there was no direct evidence in support of these views in science. Only half a century later, after Gausen Galvani made his famous discovery that the muscles of a dissected frog's leg contract if the sciatic nerve and the lower part of it are connected with a metal conducting arc. Galvani, as is known, attributed this phenomenon to the presence of electrical forces generated in itself by the living tissue itself. But soon Volta arose against this view, who believed in this case the source of electricity not in the very tissues of the frog, but in the place of contact of the metal of the conducting arc with the liquid of living tissue. It was here that the beginning of that endless dispute was laid, which has been going on for a whole century and has not yet received a final solution, and which can be formulated as follows: does living protoplasm have independent sources of electric motor force, or does the electric phenomenon observed in living tissues only secondary results of the chemical or physical conditions that this tissue represents at a given moment, and do not have any direct connection with its functional activity? This question of enormous theoretical and practical interest, despite the mass of works of many outstanding scientists, has not yet received a satisfactory answer. Professor Biderman, in his extensive work on electrophysiology, which appeared last year, expresses himself on this matter as follows: the results of individual experiments and an almost complete lack of knowledge of the scope of their significance for the function of the underlying tissues. " (W. Biedermann. Elektrophysiologie. I. Abtheil. S. 273. Jena 1895).

Having released the second part of The Pathways of the Brain, the venerable author has enriched Russian medical literature with a new major work on the anatomy of the central nervous system. In its present form, "The pathways of the spinal cord and the brain" are a complete guide containing a complete study of the internal connections of the brain.

In the development of rods and cones, the author notes 4 common and other main periods: the embryonic period, the period of unipolarity, the period of bipolarity and the period of the young state. The first period corresponds to the period of the germinal bodies of His and, to some extent, the period of mitosis, described, for example, by Koganeem and Shevich. The shape of the visual cells at this time is irregular, spherical. In newborn cats, rabbits and dogs, all these cells, apparently, have already passed this period, at least it is impossible to see mitosis at this time. In the second period, located in the beginning along the neighborhood with m. limit. externa, the cell stretches out and gives a long outgrowth, the end of which is the cell itself, gradually descending downward to the point at which it should be in adulthood. The body is ellipsoidal with a vertically standing long axis; but sometimes this form is changed through compression by the neighboring elements.

Opinions about the success rate of epilepsy treatment by the Flechsig method are different, in part even opposite. For 200 cases described, 8 deaths are noted, which should be partly attributed to the named method of treatment. The author used Flechsig's treatment in 43 patients and came to the following results.

The different types of sensitivity of the author of the refereed article are divided into simple and complex ones. To simple he refers to tactile, painful thermal and muscular feeling. He distinguishes between complex types of sensitivity: 1) The ability to localize the point of touch to the skin. 2) The ability to actively touch, which is composed of muscular feelings and feelings of touch and makes it possible to determine the object with the help of hands. 3) Sense of movement; its composition includes many different sensations, which during the movement of the penis are obtained from the skin, muscles, tendons, bag ligaments, and so on. Here you can distinguish: consciousness of active movements, consciousness of passive movements, determination of the position of a member in space and a sense of weight. 4) Consciousness of the existence of a member; it is composed of various feelings associated with this member. Having cited the histories of the illness of six patients with clinical diagnosis of organic craniocerebral hymiplegia, the author made the following conclusions.

On January 20 of this year, the Kazan City Duma considered the petition of the director of the Kazan District Hospital for the mentally ill on the concession of city land in the amount of 750 square meters. soot. in return for the hospital, which is to move away from the gardens of the hospital, a construction on this part of the road, as well as the sale of 25 acres of pasture land beyond the Kazanka River for the needs of the hospital. Both petitions of the director of the Asylum Duma were rejected. — Administrators of the hospital should perhaps assertively and energetically defend their interests, as there is a more general issue in connection with the disruption of the above-mentioned applications, which has long been raised and urgent, the question of the urgent and urgent need for the expansion of the all the while, it is very difficult for the sick.

It was chaired by prof. H. M. Popov, with secretary M. M. Maevsky; honorary members were present: K. A. Arnstein and I. M. Dogel; acting members: N. A. Mislavskiy, B. I. Vorotynskiy, V. I. Levchatkin, I. I. Naumov, L. A. Serguev, D. V. Polumordvinov; guests: Dr., Pervushin, Ostrovskiy, Vvedenskiy, Yanishevskiy, Kalyapin and about 50 people.

The committee of 4 members at the meeting on October 22, 1897 examined the proposed questions and found it possible to express their next thoughts and conclusions on them.

By this year, the Society begins the seventh year of its activity, which in the past year was expressed in the following. In 1897, the Society had 8 meetings; including 1 year, 1 emergency and 6 regular. In the next scientific posts, 14 messages were sent on the following subjects: 1) V.P. Kovalevskiy. The volume of changes in the nerve cells of the intervertebral nodes during irritation of the peripheral nerves. 2) M.M. Maevskiy. A case of epidemic insanity on religious grounds. 3) K. A. Arnstein. Remembrance of the volume by I. Kh. Akerblom. 4) V.I. Zhestkov. A case of hysterical aphasia. 5) N.E. Grinstein. To the innervations of the bladder. 6) N.N. Poroshin. The volume of changes in the automatic nerve nodes of the heart under the influence of chloroform. 7) N.M. Popov. A case of erythrophobia. 8) E.A. Genika. Folie à deux case. 9) H. M. Popov. To casuistic traumatic neuroses. 10) P.A.Mislavskiy. About bilateral conduction in nerves. 11) K.A. Arnstein. Experience in the taxonomy of nerve endings. 12) D.V. Polumordvinov. Method of coloring Nissl'evskih tel. 13) I.M.Dogel. About the influence of music on the nervous system of man and animals. 14) M. M. Maevskiy. Demonstration of the epileptic brain. In addition, in the last year of D.V. Polumordvinov uttered a rch under the title: "Our information about the processes that lie in the basis of the active state of the nerves".