Vol 23, No 1 (2025)

Introduction. Nanotechnology represents an innovative direction in cancer drug development, enabling the creation of effective drug delivery systems with enhanced therapeutic properties.

Objective. To analyze the main types of nanoparticles used in oncology, evaluate their clinical effectiveness, and identify promising directions in nanotechnology development for cancer therapy.

Material and methods. Analysis of current scientific publications on the development and application of various types of nanoparticles in oncology, including clinical trial data and approved drugs.

Results. The physicochemical properties and therapeutic potential of liposomal, polymeric, and metallic nanoparticles are examined. Analysis of clinically approved nanomedicines and promising developments is presented. Ethical and regulatory aspects of nanotechnology applications in oncology are discussed.

Conclusion. Nanotechnology demonstrates significant potential in improving cancer therapy effectiveness. The development of “smart” nanomaterials, integration with CRISPR technologies, and creation of multifunctional nanosystems represent the most promising research directions.

Currently, the diagnosis of early stages of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) is one of the most challenging tasks in dermatology. This review is devoted to the analysis of new immunohistochemical (IHC) markers that could be considered diagnostic for the detection of CTCL, as well as potential targets for targeted therapy of the disease.

The aim of this review was to determine and summarize new promising biomarkers that are not currently used for the diagnosis of early stages of CTCL.

Material and methods: the analysis and systematization of scientific literature over the past 5 years was carried out in the PubMed database using the search algorithm: “cutaneous T-cell lymphoma” AND (“immunohistochem” OR “IHC” OR “expression”).

Results. All found biomarkers were divided into 3 groups:

• Tumor progression markers: OX40 и OX40L, ICOS, TOX, GATA-3, TSP-1, CD47, YKL-40, IKZF2, E-FABP, CXCR4, CD69, HSPA1A, ZFP36, TXNIP and IL7R;
• Differential diagnostic markers: STAT4, YKL-40, BCL11B, CD70, hBD-2 and psoriasin;
• Tumor microenvironment markers: IL-10, PD-L1, FAP-α, CD69, granzyme B, NKp46, TIM3, CD57 and LAG3.

Conclusion. The most promising marker to diagnose the early stages is YKL-40 since it can serve as both a prognostic and differential diagnostic marker.

Introduction. Up to 20% of tuberculosis patients suffer from malignant neoplasms. In this case, the combination of both diseases in the lung is a particular problem. More than 60% of patients cannot complete combination therapy due to drug-resistant MBT. The aim of the study was a preclinical study of the efficacy and safety of combination regimens of antitumor therapy using carboplatin and antituberculosis therapy for drug-resistant tuberculosis. The study was supported by grant No.22-15-00470 from the Russian Science Foundation (https://rscf.ru/project/22-15-00470/)

Material and methods. The study was conducted on 40 C57BL/6 mice aged two months with pre-modeled combined pathology of lung carcinoma and tuberculosis. Depending on the therapy, 4 groups were formed: I – control without treatment (n = 10), II – antitumor (carboplatin + paclitaxel) + antituberculosis therapy (n = 10), III – antitumor (carboplatin + pemetrexed) + antituberculosis therapy (n = 10), IV – antitumor (carboplatin + gemcitabine) + antituberculosis therapy (n = 10). The antituberculosis therapy regimen included moxifloxacin, linezolid, bedaquiline and perchlozone. The antitumor effect (tumor growth index, tumor growth inhibition), antituberculosis effect (CFU per lung weight), toxicity (biometric parameters of internal organs), and survival were assessed. Statistical processing was performed using non-parametric statistics methods.

Results. The lowest average body weight was recorded in the control group. The average body weight of the experimental animals correlated with the tumor node volume. The smallest tumor volume was recorded in the control, and the largest in group IV. The optimal anti-tuberculosis effect was achieved in all experimental groups. At the same time, significantly better survival, as well as signs of lower toxicity were noted in the group where anti-tuberculosis therapy was used in combination with carboplatin and gemcitabine.

Conclusion. A preclinical study of the efficacy and safety of combined anti-tuberculosis and antitumor therapy with carboplatin based on a combination model of Lewis pulmonary carcinoma and drug-resistant tuberculosis showed an optimal anti-tuberculosis effect in all groups. At the same time, acceptable toxicity and better survival indicate a greater safety of the combination of anti-tuberculosis therapy with carboplatin and gemcitabine.

Introduction. The interest in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in various conditions, including pregnancy complications was increased over the last decade. Accompanied by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) hyperglycemia contributes to neutrophil’s activation and the formation of NETs.

The aim of study. In this study, we assess NETosis and placental function parameters of women who received diet only or insulin for treatment of gestational diabetes (GDM_D/GDM_I).

Methods. PR3 circulating levels, associated with NETs formation and placental expression were analyzed by ELISA and immunohistochemistry respectively in GDM_D (n=35), GDM_I (n=30) and healthy pregnant women (n=30). Clinical data, placental alpha microglobulin-1 (PAMG), placental lactogen and trophoblast glycoprotein (TGB) immunohistochemistry expression were characterized in 30 placentas of GDM_D, 20 – GDM_I and 25 uncomplicated pregnancies.

Results. PR3 placental expression was increased in complicated pregnancies (GDM_D – 60,94 vs 31,88, p<0,001, GDM_I – 64,42 vs 31,88, р=0,009) with no statistical differences between GDM_D and GDM_I. Though placental protein expression indicated potential ischemia among GDM_I patients, newborn’s condition was the same like healthy mother’s group. Placental protein expression and clinical data between GDM_D and uncomplicated pregnancy women were similar.

Conclusion. The study proposes that NETosis in GDM patients in adequate therapy condition, perhaps don’t stimulate pregnancy complications, in contrast – presents consequences of preexisting placental damage.