Journal of Volgograd State Medical University

MicroRNA-26a (miRNA-26a) is a critical regulator of molecular processes, impacting the pathogenesis of numerous diseases due to its ability to modulate gene expression across various organ systems and tissues. This review examines the mechanisms of miRNA-26a action and its therapeutic potential, with a particular focus on its role in heart failure (HF). In HF, miRNA-26a exerts cardioprotective effects, suppressing cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and electrical remodeling by targeting GATA4, CTGF, and KCNJ2. Reduced miRNA-26a expression correlates with HF progression, underscoring its role as a biomarker and therapeutic target. Interactions with other microRNAs, such as miR-1 and miR-133, amplify its effects. Beyond cardiology, miRNA-26a modulates oncological processes, e.g., inhibiting proliferation in colorectal cancer, inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease, and metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders by targeting EZH2, PTEN, and VEGF. Preclinical studies highlight the promise of miRNA-26a-mimics for HF treatment, though challenges in delivery and dosing warrant further exploration. This review article, with an emphasis on cardiovascular pathology, acknowledges the high prevalence and critical significance of HF in morbidity and mortality, advocating for research into combined strategies with other miRNAs. Overall, miRNA-26a holds significant potential for personalized medicine, offering improved outcomes for patients with HF and other related pathologies.

Modern physiology pays great attention to the study of how the body adapts to various environmental factors. An imbalance in the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the nervous system can disrupt this adaptation process, which is particularly significant during adolescence due to the increased lability of the autonomic regulation. The study involved 370 children aged 10–17 years, all male. Heart rate variability was analyzed based on the results of cardiointervalography both at rest and after a functional test. Analysis of the spectral parameters of heart rate revealed that most participants had a regulatory profile, indicating a balance of vegetative mechanisms and optimal functional state. Age-related analysis showed an increase in the number of adolescents with a stress on their regulatory systems. As people age, there is a statistically significant decrease in the number of people in this group. This indicates an effective restoration of the body's adaptive capabilities. Spectral analysis of heart rate reveals an increase in the relative value of the low-frequency component in all age groups. This indicates activation of non-specific regulatory mechanisms involving the vasomotor center. During load testing, spectral analysis revealed a statistically significant increase in total power of the spectrum. However, at the same time, a predominance of sympathetic division in rhythm regulation was noted among 12–13-year-olds and 14–15-year-olds, indicating an increase in adaptation mechanisms. Additionally, the predominance of sympathetic department role during recovery is more prominent among 12–13-year-old adolescents belonging to group 2. In group 4, the recovery period was characterized by a decrease in the overall power of the spectrum. Our study of the autonomic regulation of heart rate in adolescents during stress testing revealed significant individual differences in adaptive responses of the cardiovascular system. These findings confirm that analysis of heart rate variability can be an informative tool for assessing functional state and may be particularly useful for early detection of pre-clinical disorders.

Purpose: Determination of the characteristics of the hypermetropic and myopic eye based on retrospective analysis, prospective study and mathematical modeling.

Material and methods: In the course of a retrospective study 2 groups were formed: group 1 – “High degree hyperopia”, anterior-posterior length (APL) of the eye less than 22 mm (n = 20543 eyes), group 2 – “High degree myopia”, APL of the eye more than 27 mm (n = 16718 eyes). The following data were obtained from the electronic database of medical records: visometry – uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and corrected visual acuity (CVA), autorefractometry data, tonometry, optical biometry of the eye, optical coherence tomography, optical power of the IOL, accompanying surgical interventions. During the prospective study 2 groups were formed: Group 1 – 35 eyes with axial length from 15.41 mm to 22.29 mm, Group 2 – 34 eyes with axial length from 27.13 to 33.39 mm.

Conclusion: The calculations revealed differences characteristic of high-degree hyperopia and myopia. Using the results of additional diagnostic methods, models of eyes with high-degree hyperopia and myopia were constructed, taking into account anatomical features.

Diagnosis of occlusion anomalies in the vertical direction is an urgent task of orthodontics, prosthetic dentistry and maxillofacial surgery.

Goal: To determine the main signs and symptom complex of vertical anomalies of the maxillofacial region and to analyze telerentgenograms for anomalies of occlusion in the vertical direction, taking into account the type of facial growth.

Materials and methods: The analysis of 91 telerentgenograms in the lateral projection was carried out, of which 56 images belonged to people with physiological types of bite, 24 patients showed signs of deep incisor occlusion/dysocclusion, and 11 people were diagnosed with signs of vertical incisor dysocclusion. A generally accepted analysis of the angular parameters determining the type of facial growth was performed. In addition to the traditional method, the components of the total Bjork angle were analyzed separately, and the anterior height of the face was divided into the nasal and gnatic parts. The semiotics of maxillofacial anomalies in the vertical direction included a comparative assessment of changes in the parameters of the gnathic and nasal parts of the face. The average values of the indicators and the error of representativeness (M ± m) were statistically determined.

Results and discussion: The results of the study of people with physiological occlusion showed that 46 people, (82.14 ± 5.11) %, had nasal facial parameters that corresponded to optimal parameters. Signs of a decrease in the height of the nasal region were detected in 10 people, (17.86 ± 5.11) %. It was found that with physiological variants, the height of the nasal and gnathicparts of the face are almost equivalent when analyzing linear indicators. Changes in the height of the face are usually caused by changes in both the nasal and gnathic sections of the face in different proportions.

Conclusion: During the analysis of telerentgenograms of people with physiological and pathological variants of vertical facial parameters, the relationship between the parameters of the nasal and gnathic divisions was revealed. The data obtained can be used for the differential diagnosis of gnathic and dental-alveolar abnormalities in the vertical direction and to determine the tactics of orthodontic and surgical treatment methods.

The study is devoted to the evaluation of the masticatory muscles in a state of hypertension in individuals with dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint. To evaluate the work of the masticatory muscles, a set of methods was used, including the use of Brookschecker mouthguards for a night examination, palpation of the masticatory muscles, and electromyography of the masticatory muscles. For an objective characterization of the functional state of the masticatory muscles, the electromyography technique was used. The use of the described criteria for assessing the functional state of the masticatory muscles allows differentiating various levels of their hypertension, which is necessary for a personalized approach to the correction of such conditions.

In the experiment, Wistar rats were subjected to a controlled physical load using a treadmill for 60 days. The intensity of the training gradually increased from an initial speed of 2–3 km/h to 5–10 km/h. The duration of each workout varied from 30 to 40 minutes, depending on the endurance of the rat. On the 20th, 40th and 60th days of the experiment, the mass of the myocardium of the right and left ventricles of the heart and the ability of myocardial cells to absorb neutral red dye were determined in five rats from the control and experimental groups (at each time point). To do this, a 0.5 % solution of neutral red (0.5 ml per 100 g of body weight) was injected into the abdominal cavity of rats under anesthesia. After 20 minutes, the rats were euthanized with an overdose of zoletil. The dye was extracted from the ventricular myocardium by placing them in acidified 70 % alcohol. The dye concentration in the supernatant was measured using a photocolorimeter (in micrograms). After drying the ventricular tissue of the heart, the dye concentration per unit tissue mass (mcg/mg) was determined. It was found that the mass of the myocardium on the 20th, 40th and 60th days of the experiment increased more in the left ventricle. The concentration of dye in the myocardium of the ventricles of the heart in rats subjected to physical exertion (experimental group) was higher than in control rats. In the right ventricle, the difference was (0.017 ± 0.001), (0.041 ± 0.002) and (0.048 ± 0.001) micrograms/mg on days 20, 40, and 60, respectively. In the left ventricle, the difference was smaller and amounted to (0.023 ± 0.002), (0.025 ± 0.002) and (0.029 ± 0.001) micrograms/mg at the same time points. Conclusions. Regularly dosed physical exertion in the form of forced running leads to multidirectional changes in the cytophysiological activity of the myocardium. At the same time, the effect of sorption prevails in the right ventricle of the heart. Myocardial hypertrophy of the left ventricle has a negative effect on the cytophysiological activity of the myocardium, which manifests itself in a decrease in the sorption capacity of the myocardium in relation to a vital dye (neutral red). The recommended duration of a course of dosed physical exertion in humans should not exceed 20 days.

The purpose of the study is to study the indicators of heart rate variability and vegetative adaptation of students of the Siberian State University of Railway Transport, depending on the type of constitution. The following morphological parameters were studied: body length and weight, chest circum-ference. The indices were calculated: Quetelet, Pinier. An assessment of the fre-quency of heart contractions and blood pressure was performed in 216 healthy students divided into three groups depending on the type of constitution. The heart rate variability was assessed by cardiointervalography with the analysis of indices R.M. Bayevsky. An individual typological morpho-functional "portrait" of students of a transport university has been formed, depending on the type of constitution.

Introduction: The weight of a newborn is a key indicator of fetal health and development, which is influenced by various socio-economic factors. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of parity, income level, education and smoking status of the mother on the morphological development of the fetus during pregnancy.

Materials and methods: A study was conducted with 5,161 pregnant women divided into four age groups: under 20 years old, 20–30 years old, 31–40 years old and 41–45 years old. Data on parity, education level (incomplete secondary, full secondary, vocational secondary, higher), income level (low, medium, high) and smoking status (smokers, non-smokers) were analyzed. To assess the effect of these factors on the weight of the newborn, a multivariate analysis of variance and a post-hoc Tukey test for paired comparisons were used.

Results: All the studied factors had a statistically significant effect on fetal weight (p < 0.01). Parity showed the greatest effect: fetal weight increased during the second pregnancy and decreased during the third and subsequent pregnancies. The high level of income and education of the mother was associated with the high weight of the newborn. Smoking during pregnancy had a negative effect on fetal weight, reducing it by an average of 0.35 kg compared to non-smoking mothers.

Conclusions: Socio-economic determinants such as parity, income level, education and smoking significantly affect the morphological development of the fetus. The most favorable morpho-logical indicators were noted in mothers with a second pregnancy, high income and education, as well as in non-smokers. The results highlight the need for a comprehensive approach to pregnancy support, including socio-economic and behavioral aspects.

ABC analysis of oncological state hospitals becomes essential into the context of rising cost of the innovative group of drugs and diagnostic tools and the need for equal access to effectiveness and safety therapy of patients.

The aim of the study is conducting of ABC analysis of the protocols of public procurements of medicines into the oncological medical organizations of the Southern and Central districts.

Materials and methods: ABC analysis of data from protocols of open auctions and requests for quotations of four state oncological hospitals for 2024 year and content-analysis of scientific publica-tions are used.

Results: The smallest amount of public procurements into the medical organizations in 2024 is 942,67 million rubles, the biggest one is 3233,11 million rubles. “A” segment is represented by innovative groups of drugs, the first-line and concomitant drug therapies, “B” segment is medicines of the first-and second lines of chemotherapy, medicines for the relief of adverse reactions, separate groups of innovative drugs and diagnostic tools, “С” is con-comitant and relief of adverse reactions drug therapies. The optimal threshold for increasing the budget to increase the availability of innovative groups of drugs is between 61,28 and 243,12 %, one of diagnostic tools is between 61,28 and 184,66 %, negative efficiency is observed with an increase the budget above the level of 226,7 %.

Conclusions: The obtained results will be able to become the basis for forming the budget structure of oncological medical organizations, taking into account the continued availability of a group of innovative drugs and diagnostic tools.

Relevance: Inflammatory periodontal diseases (IPD) is an urgent problem of domestic and world dentistry. The main role in the treatment of IPD is assigned to symptomatic therapy. When examining inflamed periodontal tissues, an increased content of neutrophils, monocytes and fibroblasts can be detected. The study of these cells is important for the search for new means of treating IPD. Goal: The study of the cellular composition of the buccal epithelium of Wistar rats in the treatment of experimental gingivitis with topical drugs.

Materials and methods: The work was performed on 40 white laboratory rats with experimental gingivitis, counting inflammatory cells before and after the use of topical agents for its treatment (on days 10 and 16).

Results: The average number of cell elements in all groups on the 10th day of the experiment did not differ. On the 16th day, the highest value of all cellular elements was revealed in the “Asepta” group. In the “Arctivit-dent” group, a higher value was revealed. In the Stomatofit group, the value of cellular elements in the cytological preparation is significantly lower compared to other experimental groups.

Conclusion: The results of using preparations containing MPH allow us to continue studying the effectiveness of using these substances for treating gingivitis.

A case report is presented – surgical treatment of a patient with right-sided postresection tuberculous empyema and bronchopleural fistula after surgery. Patient T., 20 years old, has suffered from tuberculosis since the fall of 2019. On 02.10.21, a lower lobectomy was performed on the right side. In the postoperative period, air discharged through drains was suspected of failing the bronchial stump, which led to another operation: retoractomy, revision of the pleural cavity on the right, and medium lobectomy. According to CT scans of the OGC, there was residual pleural tissue, and the failure of the middle bronchus stump was confirmed. She visited the FSBI "TSNIIT" complaining of shortness of breath during exercise, and a feeling of discomfort in her right chest when breathing deeply. On July 27, 21, re-amputation of the intermediate bronchial stumps was performed. The residual pleura remained after the operation, and drains were removed after 1,5 month. PPI was given at a dose of 1,200 mL/week. Fourteen days later, a control scan of the lungs revealed residual pleural space. Due to the inability to drain the right pleural cavity after several attempts, a revision of the VATS of the right pleura, pleurodesis was performed. The surgery was without complications, the stump was sealed. Drains were removed 2.5 months after achieving hermiticism. With control CT scans of OGK at 1 and 3 years after surgery, AKI was not detected, and the dome of the diaphragm was raised on the right side, with a fibrothorax in the upper parts. She completed treatment and returned to a normal lifestyle.

Epithelial ingrowth (EI) is a rare complication of keratorefractive surgical procedures and is characterized by the migration and proliferation of epithelial cells into the intrastromal space from the periphery to the center. Epithelial ingrowth of the cornea after keratorefractive surgery requires a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and treatment. Among modern methods, the combined use of beta therapy with electrophoresis, careful mechanical removal, and YAG laser destruction are notable. The choice of method depends on the timing of detection, localization, and degree of damage. In the presented clinical case, EI developed after LASIK surgery on both eyes, intensified, and spread to the central optical zone of the cornea in the left eye following a revision of the corneal interface. The patient underwent two courses of brachytherapy. As a result of the treatment, complete elimination of epithelial cells in the corneal interface was achieved, resulting in the formation of cloud-like opacities and sustained remission throughout the observation period (18 months).