Gaps in Russian Legislation

The complex of responsibilities assigned to the police by the norms of the fourth section of the draft Police Charter is considered. These responsibilities are related, on the one hand, to monitoring the improvement of streets, squares, boulevards, embankments, piers, as well as other components of the infrastructure of the population, and, on the other hand, to ensuring the personal safety of the population and maintaining public order in crowded places. Prevention of unreasonable noise, singing, shouting, rioting, any unauthorized acts aimed at violence and causing disturbance on the streets, squares or other public places, or at least outside these places, but in violation of public order and tranquility. The measures taken by the police in relation to direct traffic participants and vehicle owners are highlighted. Separately, such areas of police activity are designated as ensuring a healthy lifestyle for citizens: preventing drunkenness; confiscation of mentally ill persons and persons who are intoxicated in public places; suppression of the use of obscene words and expressions, attempts to abuse domestic animals. Separately, the author highlights purely police means of establishing proper order in public places, including dispersing unruly crowds and attracting troops. The responsibilities of the police of the Russian Empire to prevent beggary, loitering, measures taken to prevent these offenses, as well as to suppress the unlawful behavior of gypsies (arrangement of tents, tents, leading a nomadic lifestyle) are given.

The article is devoted to the analysis of legislation in the field of combating child homelessness in Soviet Russia in the 1920s and 1930s. It examined the most important legislative acts and regulatory documents that determined the state's policy to eliminate homelessness and work with juvenile offenders. It is reviewed the chronological period including two decades. It is allowed to the authors to trace the formation and development of the Soviet system for the prevention of juvenile delinquency in accordance to the new National Security Strategy, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated of 02.07.2021.

The subject of this study is various information threats and types of measures to counter these threats. For comparison, the Russian and foreign (Chinese) experience is presented. The relevance of the research topic is ensured by the fact that the fourth scientific and technical revolution is currently taking place, which is characterized by the development of information and telecommunication technologies. Robotics is developing, global cyberspace is being created, in a word, global computerization of human life is taking place. In recent years, the attention of the entire world community has been focused on the formation of artificial intelligence and its introduction into everyday human life, training it to perform complex combined operations that significantly help in the process of life. The purpose of the article is to analyze the totality of information threats and challenges facing the personal security system. In the course of the work, the method of comparative analysis of Russian and foreign experience is used. It is concluded that it is necessary to create a high-quality information security system capable of providing a worthy response to modern challenges and threats.

This article deals with the specifics of investment legal relations in the Russian Federation at the present stage. Public relations regulated by the norms of investment law should be considered an investment legal relationship, the participants of which have a certain amount of rights and obligations protected and protected by the state. The characteristic features and peculiarities of investment legal relations are determined. It is revealed that investment relations need to develop new legal mechanisms to solve the tasks set by the state in the field of investment policy. In this regard, the State is constantly expanding the base of normative legal acts that regulate the sphere of investments and investment activities to some extent. Investment relations arise on the basis of a contract. The variety of such agreements is great: concession agreements and agreements on public-private partnership, agreements on the implementation of investment projects, life cycle contracts, etc. In other words the concept of “investment relations” is intended to conditionally unite various social relations which are also regulated by various branches of legislation.

The article discusses financial and legal approaches to the regulation of payment systems in order to ensure their proper functioning. The purpose of writing this article is to establish the content of the concept of “proper functioning of payment systems” and to identify financial and legal ways to achieve this characteristic in the operation of the payment system. To achieve this goal, the author analyzed the provisions of not only Russian legislation on payment systems, but also the legislation of the EAEUnion countries in order to identify the legal characteristics established in relation to the operation of payment systems. The conclusions obtained during the study allow us to assert that the characteristics of the operation of payment systems provided for by law, in particular: efficiency, reliability, stability and continuity, can be combined into a general assessment characteristic “proper functioning of payment systems”, reflecting the objective legal expectations of the state and consumers money transfer services regarding the quality of the payment system and the services it provides. The author has formulated legal characteristics, the achievement of which indicates the proper functioning of payment systems, and also proposed financial and legal methods for their implementation.

Purpose of the study. The article examines the features of the participation of a minor in civil proceedings, determines the scope of his procedural capacity, and reveals the dependence of procedural norms on material ones, which makes it possible to determine the specifics of protecting the sectoral rights of the child. It has been proven that the procedural status of a minor will make it possible to more accurately determine the limits of his independence in civil proceedings, establish criteria for the participation of his legal representatives and identify categories of cases with his participation, the legal essence of which involves the protection of his rights only by his legal representatives.

It is concluded that it is necessary to change the norms that determine the scope of the procedural capacity of a minor, which will ensure their synchronous application with industry-specific norms that provide for the child’s opportunities in the field of family and civil relations.

The article considers the issues of legal regulation of economic activities in the Arctic zone of Russia. The main areas of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Arctic for the development of entrepreneurial activity were studied. An analysis of a special subject of entrepreneurial activity in the Arctic zone of Russia, which receives the status of a resident, is given. Arctic economic activity has been identified at the current stage in Russia as an independent institution of entrepreneurial law, which in the future research will give a big impetus to development in terms of the adoption of regulatory legal acts. Based on the analysis of legal acts, the state, as a guarantor of the development of economic relations, is obliged to subsidize with cash the main types of small and medium-sized entrepreneurial activities in the Arctic zone of Russia, and on the other hand, large commercial companies must reimburse the costs for manufacturers of local products. It was proposed to develop electronic trade on the territory of Russia, accordingly, there is a need to connect all Arctic entities to high-speed Internet. It was concluded that for the legal regulation of complex relations, the Arctic Code of Russia should be adopted.

The purpose of the study. The article is devoted to topical issues of legal relations with digital money that exist in the Russian Federation today. The history of digitalization of legal relations is connected with the digitalization of the economy, which forced the actualization of existing civil legal relations in accordance with digital realities. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current regulation of legal relations with digital money in Russian legislation.

Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, it was concluded that digital money differs from all previously used types of money – traditional and electronic, therefore, being objects of legal relations, they require changes in them, starting from the theoretical base in the form of developing a unified approach to the definition of digital money, to creating a single list of their key features, and ending with the analysis of judicial practice and the creation of uniform recommendations for courts in cases related to digital money.

Digital money and legal relations, which have been digitalized following the popularization of digital money, have become a response to modern realities, which cannot be imagined without reference to widespread digitalization. Digital money has become a new object of legal relations, a new boon.

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that digital money and digital legal relations are quite new phenomena for Russian practice, therefore, the issues of their regulation are only being worked out. There are still gaps in legislation, lack of unity in judicial practice, etc.

The article substantiates the judgment that despite the specificity of its status ("public subjects") public-law companies are participants of civil-law relations. The peculiarities of their position are conditioned by the need for the state to solve new tasks, including those related to the provision of national defense and security of the state.

The work used general scientific methods of research: systemic, functional, system-structural. The authors successfully applied private-scientific: cultural, historical, sociological, statistical methods of research. The authors also used special research methods in jurisprudence: comparative-legal and formal-legal.

The aim of the article is to outline key approaches to understanding the specifics of legal regulation of "public subjects" in private law. An important place is given to the analysis of the activities of PPC "Roskadastr" and PPC "Military Construction Company".

The constitutional right to defense is exercised at all stages of the criminal process. The main and mandatory stage of the criminal process is the preliminary investigation stage. An independent professional legal adviser – a lawyer – takes an active part in this stage.

The author of the article examines the powers and responsibilities of a defense lawyer.

The article analyzes the main directions of participation of the defense lawyer in the adversarial process, which influence the course of the investigation and the formation of the evidence base in the criminal case. The public legal nature of a lawyer’s activity is noted, despite the fact that the legal profession is an institution of civil society, not the state. A distinction is made between the participation of a lawyer in criminal proceedings as a defender and as a representative. It is concluded that the correct and full use by a lawyer of his procedural rights is a key factor that contributes to the effectiveness of ensuring and protecting the rights of the client and contributes to the general attitude towards fairness in the legal process.

The purpose of the research. The article draws attention to the fact that not all people are equal in their age, physiological and social characteristics. This determines the vulnerability of such persons to various external factors, including those caused by their participation in legal relations, and in particular, in criminal proceedings. This is especially relevant in relation to vulnerable suspects and accused persons, since it is these participants in criminal proceedings who are exposed to the main impact in the process of investigation and judicial review of criminal cases.

Conclusions. In cases where vulnerable persons act as suspects, accused as participants in criminal proceedings, the problem arises of the possibility of their proper procedural participation. To solve this problem, first of all, an appropriate regulatory framework is needed. Considering the role and importance of international law as a guideline for improving national legislation in ensuring the implementation and protection of human rights.

The purpose of the research. The article examines the genesis and development of criminal legislation in the field of protection of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population in Russia. The process of transformation of the criminal law norm on violation of sanitary and epidemiological rules in the context of historical challenges and transformations of public relations is analyzed. The purpose of the study is to establish and identify general patterns and features of the relevant legislation in retrospect. RESULTS. As a result of the conducted research, the author comes to the conclusion that criminal law norms have not degraded, the state of legislation has improved with each new normative legal act. From the very beginning of attempts to regulate norms and rules designed to protect the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, in the historical context, it has never been possible to solve the problem of the spread of an epidemic "at the root", despite various approaches to its solution – from almost complete lack of control to the establishment of a strict regulatory regime. Despite the transformation that criminal legislation has undergone over such a long time, it is difficult to say that there are no opportunities and ways to improve, because not only existing norms will have to be changed or supplemented in the near future for more successful protection of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population, but there may also be a need to design completely new elements of crime.

The article examines the issues of international law in the field of combating terrorism, since the growing international significance of conflicts contributes to the expansion of the scope of application of a more acute, uncompromising and, at the same time, comparable means of struggle for the conflicting parties, which is terrorism. Moreover, terrorist actions, growing into the political configuration of the conflict, reflecting the goals, objectives, capabilities and tactics of the warring parties, transform terrorism into an international phenomenon classified as a global threat. This, firstly, draws attention to the conflict, giving it an international dimension. But what is perhaps more important, and this is secondly, is that terrorism is acquiring signs of a substance of international life, which, in its dangerous mobility, largely determines the state of the international social environment. The purpose of the presented research is to consider issues arising in this area regarding the construction of terrorism as a conflict-generating and influential international actor, confirming that in the fight against it, international law should cover with its influence all the components that form this construction, concentrating priority efforts on its most destructive elements. Based on the study, the author comes to the conclusion that stability in international relations will increase, if not undermine, but, on the contrary, strengthen the potential of the state. This is obvious, firstly, because there is simply no alternative to the state that even approaches the level of authority. And secondly, the state’s capabilities in the field of foreign and domestic policy objectively remain unique. Even opponents of the state-centrist model are forced to admit this, in part. It is precisely based on these opportunities, primarily in international organizations, that it is advisable to begin to create an international anti-terrorist system, the quintessence of which should be updated international law regulating the entire complex of social relations in any way related to the fight against terrorism.

Purpose of the research. This article discusses current issues of organizing the transportation of container cargo by a Russian operating company along the Northern Sea Route. The advantages of using the Northern Sea Route as an international transport and logistics corridor have been identified. The problems of organizing and implementing the transportation of containers along the Northern Sea Route have been identified. A scheme for legal regulation of the activities of a Russian operator for the transportation of containers along the Northern Sea Route has been developed.

Results. It has been established that in the Russian Federation there is a necessary system of legal regulation of the functioning of the operator for the transportation of containers along the Northern Sea Route, which makes it possible to create a state-owned Arctic Container Shipping Company on the basis of the Rosatom, which will be a national operator for the transportation of containers and will be able to most successfully and efficiently establish a Unified a system for transporting container cargo along the Northern Sea Route.