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Volume 17, Nº 4 (2021)
- Ano: 2021
- Artigos: 12
- URL: https://journals.eco-vector.com/2500-0640/issue/view/8617
Articles
A STUDY OF VIBRATIONS OF A BIMORPHOUS PLATE FROM PIEZOELECTROMAGNETIC MATERIAL IN AN ALTERNATING MAGNETIC FIELD
Resumo
This work presents a study of transverse vibrations of a bimorph consisting of two piezomagnetoelectric layers located in an alternating magnetic field. Piezomagnetoelectric layers are a multilayer composite with alternating piezoelectric and piezomagnetic layers. The mechanical and physical properties of such a composite are specified by effective constants known in the literature. Based on the applied theory of oscillations of a multilayer plate, taking into account the nonlinear distribution of the electric and magnetic potential in the piezoactive layers both in the longitudinal and transverse directions, a study of the stress-strain state, electric and magnetic fields of a hinged bimorph was carried out. The electric potential is assumed to be zero at all electrodes, while the magnetic potential is equal to zero at the inner boundary and is unknown at the outer ones. Thus, the distribution of the electric and magnetic potentials in the middle of the layer is assumed to be unknown functions, and the distribution of the magnetic potential at the outer boundary is also a function to be found. In this task, Kirchhoff’s hypotheses for mechanical characteristics were applied. The variational principle and the quadratic dependence of the electric and magnetic potentials on the thickness of the piezoactive layers is also used in this work. A system of differential equations and boundary conditions was obtained. The resulting boundary value problem was solved by numerical methods. Comparison of the calculation results according to the proposed theory with the flat problem solved in the finite element package FlexPDE in the low-frequency region showed that the error in finding the characteristics of the mechanical and magnetic fields is less than 1 %. In turn, when determining the electric field, the difference was about 5% in the middle part of the plate and 27 % in the vicinity of the support points. This error is due to the fact that the finite element analysis demonstrates a clear nonlinear character of the electric field distribution, while the applied theory is linear.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(4):3-11
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ABOUT “LANDSCAPE ENVELOPE” CONCEPT FORMING IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY SCIENCE
Resumo
The article is devoted to the theoretical substantiation of the concepts “geographic envelope” and “landscape envelope”. For this, the reasons for the origin, development and meaning of the concept of “landscape”, its established definition, geographical distribution, structure of landscapes, etc. are specified. The landscape is considered as a certain exogenous system of the terrestrial type, as part of the geographic envelope. The definition is based on the root words “land” and “terra”. The geographic envelope contains three main megasystemic parts (stages): a – continents and islands; b – the World Ocean together with separate seas; c – coastal zones with active interaction between “a” and “b”. As part of the geographic envelope, their total area is 509471.21 million km2, including a = 29.22 %, b = 60.83 %, c = 9.95 %. Each part (step) is fundamentally unequal in genesis, location, boundaries, structure, dynamics, belonging to a hierarchical series, etc. Accordingly, the system hierarchical series “a”, “b”, “c” and each taxon are different organization level. By definition, organization and properties, the continental land system is landscape, the oceanic hydrogenic is thalassogenic, and the coastal-marine system is an aquascaping natural system, each with a different level of organization. Along with the systems of the atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere, they fill the area of the geographic envelope and are inextricably linked. Thus, in principle, it is impossible to equate the concepts of “geographic envelope” and “landscape envelope”.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(4):12-24
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DEVELOPMENT OF GPS TECHNOLOGIES IN THE AREA OF THE TUAPSE-SOCHI SEISMIC ZONE, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE FAULT-BLOCK STRUCTURE
Resumo
Data of movements of seismically active sections of the Earth’s crust in the area of the Black Sea coast are given according to GPS measurements, which were continuously carried out from 6 to 9 years in the regional network of satellite geodynamic stations GPS/GLONASS (SGS). The network includes two segments covering the northwestern and southeastern parts of the Azov-Black sea coast of the Krasnodar Region. Background values of earth crust deformations required for instrumental assessment of stress state of geological environments during earthquake preparation are determined. Observations on the SGS of the eastern segment of the Sochi, Adler, Lesnoe and Esto-Sadok network, located within the Pshekh-Adler transverse flexure-fault zone, confirmed the geodynamic activity of the most seismically dangerous Mzymta fault from the Krasnaya Polyana region to its interface with the deep Plastunsky fault. GPS observations and seismic data established the geodynamic activity of the lower valley region of the Mzymta River, covered with a series of faults and fracture zones limited by sub-latitudinal faults that determine the main geotectonic zonality of the Caucasus with the possible continuation of geodynamic activity of this region in the sea until the intersection with the East Black Sea fractured zone. As a result of synchronous GPS measurements at the permanent Esto-Sadok SGS and the periodic SGS Aibga with a height difference of 1700 m a diverse pattern of movements was established and a left-hand shift along the Mzymta fault was confirmed. In the west of the Tuapse-Sochi seismic zone, observations on the periodic SGS Chemitokvadzhe revealed the geodynamic activity of cross-sectional (anti-Caucasian) faults. Monitoring of seismogeodynamic activity of these faults additionally requires installation of permanent SGS in the area of Tuapse, Chemitokvadzhe and Golovinka settlements. A longer period of continuous observations at GPS stations (25–30 years) will make it possible to detect a change in geodynamic compression and stretching periods of the crust, which is important to assess the geodynamic situation during the construction of long-term objects of increased responsibility and determine the seismic hazard precursors.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(4):25-33
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NEW RESULTS OF THE HOLOCENE HISTORY INVESTIGATION OF THE SEA OF AZOV SHELF
Resumo
The article presents the results of paleogeographic and oceanological expeditionary studies of the Dolgaya Spit of the Sea of Azov, obtained in 2021. The complex of conducted work consisted of: drilling wells, measurements of sea currents and the thermohaline structure of adjacent waters, as well as hydrochemical, hydrobiological, lithological sampling and archaeological finds. It is shown that for any wind direction near the western (Sea of Azov) coast of the Dolgaya Spit, there is a constant alongshore current. With a westerly wind, it is purely drift, with an easterly wind – compensatory. This current contributes the transportation of shell material from the Yelenina and Zhelezinskaya banks and abrasion products from the western bedrock coast. New data about the structure of well sections from different areas of the Dolgaya Spit are presented. In the lower horizons of wells drilled at the base of the spit, as well as in lagoons, water samples were taken, the total salinity in which is twice the salinity of the Sea of Azov. However, the upper water-bearing horizon of the Dolgaya Spit islands is well washed with the Sea of Azov waters. Investigations of the islands made it possible to reveal differences in their structure, composition of sediments and benthic fauna. The noted features of the stratigraphy and composition of sediments that compose the island bars, are explained by the differences in their physical and mechanical characteristics and the lithodynamic conditions for the transportation of sedimentary material. Most of the deposits of the islands are composed of shell detritus of varying degrees of fragmentation, organogenic detrital sands, and individual shell valves. The shellfish Cerastoderma dominates in the shell material of the sediments. Finds of archaeological artifacts on the insular part of the spit date back to the 2nd century BC and the 13th–14th centuries AD.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(4):34-44
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TRANSFORMATION OF STRUCTURAL STATUS OF SOILS INFLUENCED BY URBOPEDOGENESIS ON THE EXAMPLE OF ROSTOV AGGLOMERATION
Resumo
Soil structure, as a result of a complex system of intra-soil interactions and external influences, has undergone changes in conditions of urban pedogenesis. It affects the protective functions of the soil, the role of which increases significantly in urban landscapes. Hence, the relevance of studying the processes of transformation of the structure in urban soils is high. The composition of structural fractions and their water resistance in typical urban soils – urbostratozems (open and sealed under dense coverings) and chernozems migration-segregation of recreational zones of the city were considered in a comparative aspect. The composition and quality of the structure were studied according to the results of dry and wet sieving by Savvinov’s method. The difference in the structural status of these two groups of soils was evaluated by horizons, comparing them with each other using Student’s criterion. Taking into account the multivariate formation of urbic horizons, they were divided into 2 clusters: heavy and light in order to reduce the scatter of values. It was found that a clear sign of urbopedogenesis is an increase in the proportion of structural aggregates with a diameter >10 mm in both the urbic and buried horizons. In the light horizons of the urbic, a higher content of fractions of 0.5–0.25 and <0.25 mm was found than in the heavy ones. The buried part of the urbic soil profile, which is actually preserved under the thickness of urbic soil, migration-segregation chernozem, tends to have an increased content of clumpy fractions as a result of reducing the proportion of agronomically valuable aggregates compared to recreational chernozems. The water stability of the structure is more stable indicator. A significant increase in the content of 0.5–0.25 mm fraction as compared with native soils was found only in the buried humus-accumulative horizons due to a decrease in the share of aggregates of size >3 mm and 2–1 mm.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(4):45-52
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WEATHER CONDITIONS AND DYNAMICS OF GRAIN CROPS IN CRIMEA
Resumo
The aim of the research was to study the influence of weather conditions on the yield of grain crops in Crimea, based on the analysis of long-term meteorological data, modeling and forecasting the dynamics of moisture content and temperature regime. The most significant weather conditions of the growing season during the cultivation of grain crops in Crimea are the level of precipitation in April and the temperature regime in May. Based on the analysis of long-term meteorological indicators, the oscillation of these weather phenomena is revealed. Their joint action shows ecological coherence. In the years of a decrease in the amount of atmospheric precipitation in April and an increase in air temperature in May, the negative impact of these weather phenomena on the yield of grain crops is significantly increased. During periods when the amount of precipitation in April and the temperature regime in May are in “antiphase” according to the characteristics of the environmental impact, the level of their influence on the growth and development of grain crops is balanced. The time interval of oscillations of the most critical periods for the cultivation of grain crops in Crimea, a decrease in precipitation in April and an increase in air temperature in May, is 130–140 years. The current dynamics of weather phenomena in Crimea should be assessed as the initial stage of the period when, with a certain positive effect of an increase in precipitation in mid-spring, the negative effect of increased temperatures begins to grow in its second half. In the last decade, spring in Crimea has been characterized by a noticeable increase in average monthly temperatures, which determines a reduction in the growing season of grain crops and a decrease in their yield.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(4):53-60
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TREE AND SHRUB VEGETATION OF TUZLA ISLAND (KERCH STRAIT)
Resumo
The authors collected and summarized the materials of floral research in the period from 2008 to 2019. The Tuzla accumulative system is a unique formation from the point of view of biodiversity. On a small area of land, psammophytic, littoral, steppe, meadow, salt marsh, swamp and water vegetation types are noted. The article presents the results of the syntaxonomy of tree and shrub vegetation, the least represented on the island and absent on the spit. A new association of Lactuco tataricae-Elaeagnetum angustifoliae, whose communities stretch from northwest to southeast along the center of the island, is described. Two subassociations are characterized in its composition: Lactuco tataricae-Elaeagnetum angustifoliae juncetosum maritimae, Lactuco tataricae-Elaeagnetum angustifoliae artemisetum arenariae. The communities of the first group occupy depressions in the relief, wet habitats, the second one – elevations of a sandy-shell beach. Due to significant changes in the syntaxonomy of coastal communities in recent years, changes in the syntaxonomic position of these syntaxons are possible, additional studies of the surrounding territories and nearby coasts are needed. A comparative analysis of the new syntaxons with the previously described ones and ordination were carried out. The ordination allowed us to note the ecological differences of the studied communities, and also confirmed our syntaxonomic solutions. In addition to the classification, information about the current state of vegetation is provided. Currently, it has been greatly transformed, but many unique communities have been preserved. The described communities include 13 rare plant species listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Crimea. The new syntaxons have a high environmental significance.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(4):61-71
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SPIDERS (ARANEI) OF ROSTOV-ON-DON, RUSSIA
Resumo
In the studied habitats of Rostov-on-Don, 141 species of spiders from 24 families were recorded. By the number of species, the families Gnaphosidae (22 species), Linyphiidae (19 species), Lycosidae (15 species), Salticidae (15 species) prevail. Twenty species were found in residential buildings. In groves, forest parks, 107 species of spiders from 21 families have been identified. In the city, populations of the karakurt spider (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus), which is dangerous to human health and life, have been found. Further resettlement of the Latrodectus tredecimguttatus within the city of Rostov-on-Don should be expected.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(4):72-79
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ECOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE AVIFAUNA OF THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA
Resumo
The results of the ecological structure analysis of the Crimean avifauna showed that limnophiles (42.6 %) and dendrophiles (34.2 %) predominate in the general spectrum, campophiles inhabiting zonal landscapes and sclerophiles inhabiting intrazonal biotopes account for 11.6 % and 11.0 %, respectively. There is a disproportion in the distribution of dendrophiles – 97.2 % of the ecological group is found in the steppe zone, while in the Mountainous Crimea – 86.2 %, including in the mountain-forest belt – 78.9 %. Sclerophyllous species are evenly distributed throughout the peninsula: in the foothills – 97.1 % of the ecological group composition, in the steppe zone – 91.4 %, while the majority of limnophiles (99.3 %) and campophiles (94.6 %) are recorded in the Plain Crimea. Among the breeding species, limnophiles predominate (38.1 % of the phenological group), accounting for 55.1 % of all hydrophilic birds in the region. The species diversity of dendrophiles is naturally greater (49.3 %) in the Mountainous Crimea, while in the steppe zone this ecological group accounts for 27.4 %. The migration complex of birds of Crimea is distinguished not only in the species diversity (252 species), but also in the different phenological status of species included in it. Most of the migrants belong to limnophiles (48.8 %) and dendrophiles (31.7 %), which are concentrated on the plain. The wintering complex of birds of the peninsula is characterized by the lowest indicators of species abundance in a number of phenological periods (167 species). The main areas of bird concentration are located in the Plain Crimea and the foothills (86.8 % of the total number of species of the phenological group). In the mountain-forest belt, the complex consists of only a third of wintering species, most of which are represented by denrophiles.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(4):80-89
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IMPACT OF EXTREME DROUGHT ON THE NUMBER OF ARCTIC GEESE AT A MIGRATION STOP IN THE VALLEY OF THE WEST MANYCH RIVER IN 2020–2021
Resumo
An extreme drought without precipitation lasted 78 days from August 2, 2020, until the onset of cold weather in the south-west of European Russia in the area of the Veselovsky Reservoir. The amount of precipitation during this period was 0.8 mm. Maximum and average air temperatures were: in September 34.6 and 20.1 °C respectively; in October 25.7 and 14.6 °C respectively. The main foraging habitats for Arctic geese at the Veselovsky Reservoir area are winter wheat fields, which dominate the structure of plant growing in the Rostov Region. Winter wheat did not sprout over large areas due to drought and abnormally high temperatures by the time of arrival of the white-fronted goose Anser albifrons (Scopoli, 1769) and the red-breasted goose Branta ruficollis (Pallas, 1769) in the fall of 2020 to a migratory stop in the valley of the Western Manych River. There were no feeding resources for the geese of these species in the area of the Veselovsky Reservoir, which led to their redistribution for a migratory stop in the area of Manych-Gudilo Lake, where steppe pastures were preserved. The white-fronted goose and the red-breasted goose arrived in the Veselovsky Reservoir in 2020 at the usual dates: in mid-October and early November, respectively. The geese stopped for a short rest and flew south-eastward. There were no large aggregations of the white-fronted goose in the area of the Veselovsky Reservoir in the fall of 2020 (maximum 9000 individuals), whereas in the previous fall, the abundance of this species at the peak of the migratory stop was 17500 individuals. The maximum number of red-breasted goose in the fall of 2020 in the area of the Veselovsky Reservoir was 1700 individuals (5000 individuals in 2019). The length of stay of the two species also decreased in the fall of 2020 compared to the previous year. March 2021 was frosty, and winter wheat sprouted in early April, when geese migration was almost over. White-fronted geese stopped in the area of the Veselovsky Reservoir only for a short rest. Many flocks followed in transit, since there were no food resources, a necessary condition for a migratory stop. The red-breasted goose in the spring migration followed through the reservoir in transit to the migration in the area of Manych-Gudilo Lake. Thus, extreme weather conditions, such as prolonged drought before and during the autumn migration of Arctic geese, can lead to a sharp decrease in the ecological capacity of habitats at the migration stop area. Lack of moisture with a combination of abnormally high temperatures, the early arrival of frost in the fall with precipitation as snow, frosty March are factors that provoked a complete lack of food resources for Arctic geese in the Veselovsky Reservoir area. The situation was aggravated by the lack of natural pastures and the almost monoculture of agricultural crop production in large areas. As a result of drought, as well as accompanying weather and anthropogenic factors, the number of geese at the migration camp is decreasing, the nature of the use of the territory is changing: geese avoid long stops, often following in transit. Part of the migrating group uses a large reservoir only for short-term rest, moving to a long stop east of the Veselovsky Reservoir, to where the steppe pastures have been preserved.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(4):90-99
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APPROBATION OF A MODULAR SYSTEM FOR GROWING CARP BY AN INTENSIVE METHOD
Resumo
The research results on growing carp yearlings in open-type modular installations located in the coastal part of a pond owned by “Priboy” Limited Liability Company (Volgograd Region, Novonikolskoe village) are presented. According to 3.5 months data of carp rearing, the optimal stocking densities, equal to 6.5–7.5 thousand specimens/section, were revealed, which will give a commodity output massed of 1.5 kg in the amount of 9–10.5 tons/section per season, and general from the module 90–100 tons of commodity carp. Studies of the physiological state of fish did not reveal serious violations in the concentration of the main blood components. However, unusually high level of adipose metabolism at high water temperatures was registered.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(4):100-105
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80-year anniversary of the Academician RAS Vladimir Ivanovich Kolesnikov
Resumo
Владимир Иванович Колесников – крупный российский ученый, академик Российской академии наук, заслуженный деятель науки Российской Федерации, лауреат премии Президента Российской Федерации в области образования. Он внес значительный вклад в развитие космической, авиационной и транспортной отрасли страны.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(4):106-107
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