卷 17, 编号 4 (2021)

The article is devoted to the theoretical substantiation of the concepts “geographic envelope” and “landscape envelope”. For this, the reasons for the origin, development and meaning of the concept of “landscape”, its established definition, geographical distribution, structure of landscapes, etc. are specified. The landscape is considered as a certain exogenous system of the terrestrial type, as part of the geographic envelope. The definition is based on the root words “land” and “terra”. The geographic envelope contains three main megasystemic parts (stages): a – continents and islands; b – the World Ocean together with separate seas; c – coastal zones with active interaction between “a” and “b”. As part of the geographic envelope, their total area is 509471.21 million km2, including a = 29.22 %, b = 60.83 %, c = 9.95 %. Each part (step) is fundamentally unequal in genesis, location, boundaries, structure, dynamics, belonging to a hierarchical series, etc. Accordingly, the system hierarchical series “a”, “b”, “c” and each taxon are different organization level. By definition, organization and properties, the continental land system is landscape, the oceanic hydrogenic is thalassogenic, and the coastal-marine system is an aquascaping natural system, each with a different level of organization. Along with the systems of the atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere, they fill the area of the geographic envelope and are inextricably linked. Thus, in principle, it is impossible to equate the concepts of “geographic envelope” and “landscape envelope”.

The article presents the results of paleogeographic and oceanological expeditionary studies of the Dolgaya Spit of the Sea of Azov, obtained in 2021. The complex of conducted work consisted of: drilling wells, measurements of sea currents and the thermohaline structure of adjacent waters, as well as hydrochemical, hydrobiological, lithological sampling and archaeological finds. It is shown that for any wind direction near the western (Sea of Azov) coast of the Dolgaya Spit, there is a constant alongshore current. With a westerly wind, it is purely drift, with an easterly wind – compensatory. This current contributes the transportation of shell material from the Yelenina and Zhelezinskaya banks and abrasion products from the western bedrock coast. New data about the structure of well sections from different areas of the Dolgaya Spit are presented. In the lower horizons of wells drilled at the base of the spit, as well as in lagoons, water samples were taken, the total salinity in which is twice the salinity of the Sea of Azov. However, the upper water-bearing horizon of the Dolgaya Spit islands is well washed with the Sea of Azov waters. Investigations of the islands made it possible to reveal differences in their structure, composition of sediments and benthic fauna. The noted features of the stratigraphy and composition of sediments that compose the island bars, are explained by the differences in their physical and mechanical characteristics and the lithodynamic conditions for the transportation of sedimentary material. Most of the deposits of the islands are composed of shell detritus of varying degrees of fragmentation, organogenic detrital sands, and individual shell valves. The shellfish Cerastoderma dominates in the shell material of the sediments. Finds of archaeological artifacts on the insular part of the spit date back to the 2nd century BC and the 13th–14th centuries AD.

The aim of the research was to study the influence of weather conditions on the yield of grain crops in Crimea, based on the analysis of long-term meteorological data, modeling and forecasting the dynamics of moisture content and temperature regime. The most significant weather conditions of the growing season during the cultivation of grain crops in Crimea are the level of precipitation in April and the temperature regime in May. Based on the analysis of long-term meteorological indicators, the oscillation of these weather phenomena is revealed. Their joint action shows ecological coherence. In the years of a decrease in the amount of atmospheric precipitation in April and an increase in air temperature in May, the negative impact of these weather phenomena on the yield of grain crops is significantly increased. During periods when the amount of precipitation in April and the temperature regime in May are in “antiphase” according to the characteristics of the environmental impact, the level of their influence on the growth and development of grain crops is balanced. The time interval of oscillations of the most critical periods for the cultivation of grain crops in Crimea, a decrease in precipitation in April and an increase in air temperature in May, is 130–140 years. The current dynamics of weather phenomena in Crimea should be assessed as the initial stage of the period when, with a certain positive effect of an increase in precipitation in mid-spring, the negative effect of increased temperatures begins to grow in its second half. In the last decade, spring in Crimea has been characterized by a noticeable increase in average monthly temperatures, which determines a reduction in the growing season of grain crops and a decrease in their yield.

In the studied habitats of Rostov-on-Don, 141 species of spiders from 24 families were recorded. By the number of species, the families Gnaphosidae (22 species), Linyphiidae (19 species), Lycosidae (15 species), Salticidae (15 species) prevail. Twenty species were found in residential buildings. In groves, forest parks, 107 species of spiders from 21 families have been identified. In the city, populations of the karakurt spider (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus), which is dangerous to human health and life, have been found. Further resettlement of the Latrodectus tredecimguttatus within the city of Rostov-on-Don should be expected.

An extreme drought without precipitation lasted 78 days from August 2, 2020, until the onset of cold weather in the south-west of European Russia in the area of the Veselovsky Reservoir. The amount of precipitation during this period was 0.8 mm. Maximum and average air temperatures were: in September 34.6 and 20.1 °C respectively; in October 25.7 and 14.6 °C respectively. The main foraging habitats for Arctic geese at the Veselovsky Reservoir area are winter wheat fields, which dominate the structure of plant growing in the Rostov Region. Winter wheat did not sprout over large areas due to drought and abnormally high temperatures by the time of arrival of the white-fronted goose Anser albifrons (Scopoli, 1769) and the red-breasted goose Branta ruficollis (Pallas, 1769) in the fall of 2020 to a migratory stop in the valley of the Western Manych River. There were no feeding resources for the geese of these species in the area of the Veselovsky Reservoir, which led to their redistribution for a migratory stop in the area of Manych-Gudilo Lake, where steppe pastures were preserved. The white-fronted goose and the red-breasted goose arrived in the Veselovsky Reservoir in 2020 at the usual dates: in mid-October and early November, respectively. The geese stopped for a short rest and flew south-eastward. There were no large aggregations of the white-fronted goose in the area of the Veselovsky Reservoir in the fall of 2020 (maximum 9000 individuals), whereas in the previous fall, the abundance of this species at the peak of the migratory stop was 17500 individuals. The maximum number of red-breasted goose in the fall of 2020 in the area of the Veselovsky Reservoir was 1700 individuals (5000 individuals in 2019). The length of stay of the two species also decreased in the fall of 2020 compared to the previous year. March 2021 was frosty, and winter wheat sprouted in early April, when geese migration was almost over. White-fronted geese stopped in the area of the Veselovsky Reservoir only for a short rest. Many flocks followed in transit, since there were no food resources, a necessary condition for a migratory stop. The red-breasted goose in the spring migration followed through the reservoir in transit to the migration in the area of Manych-Gudilo Lake. Thus, extreme weather conditions, such as prolonged drought before and during the autumn migration of Arctic geese, can lead to a sharp decrease in the ecological capacity of habitats at the migration stop area. Lack of moisture with a combination of abnormally high temperatures, the early arrival of frost in the fall with precipitation as snow, frosty March are factors that provoked a complete lack of food resources for Arctic geese in the Veselovsky Reservoir area. The situation was aggravated by the lack of natural pastures and the almost monoculture of agricultural crop production in large areas. As a result of drought, as well as accompanying weather and anthropogenic factors, the number of geese at the migration camp is decreasing, the nature of the use of the territory is changing: geese avoid long stops, often following in transit. Part of the migrating group uses a large reservoir only for short-term rest, moving to a long stop east of the Veselovsky Reservoir, to where the steppe pastures have been preserved.

Владимир Иванович Колесников – крупный российский ученый, академик Российской академии наук, заслуженный деятель науки Российской Федерации, лауреат премии Президента Российской Федерации в области образования. Он внес значительный вклад в развитие космической, авиационной и транспортной отрасли страны.