Vol 18, No 2 (2017)

Nowadays dynamic textures recognition is particularly important in different computer vision community tasks in a variety of fields such as urban scenes and forest scenes. The goal of the dynamic textures recognition can be different. Real scenes may include the objects with dynamic behavior because of possible varying illumination, blurring, or weather conditions. Under bad weather conditions the imaging system is degraded to produce low visibility images. Such effects may significantly degrade the performance of outdoor vision systems which relies on image/video. For illumination effects compensation and visual quality enhancement images it is necessary to average pixel intensity increase, expand the range of brightness, image contrast increase and eliminate influence of the additive noise. For the images obtained in adverse lighting conditions imitation in this work Gamma correction, additive Gaussian noise and impulse noise was applied successively. The proposed algorithm employs Multi Scale Retinex with Color Restoration, Laplacian, Gaussian and median filters. For experimental researches of the databases of Bilkent University, Video Smoke Detection, Wildfilmsindia, V-MOTE were used. In addition, the representativeness of the test set is increased by a video sequence, which the authors themselves recorded at night. Experiments on video based smoke detection system based on spatio-temporal local binary pattern were computed. True recognition for smoke in adverse lighting conditions is degraded to 65 %. False rare rejection and false alert errors significantly increase to 34.2 % and 27.2 % respectively. After adverse lighting compensation algorithm work true recognition of smoke regions increases to 94.41 %. This accuracy provides the influence of adverse lighting on a quality of smoke detection is studied. Experimental results show that the proposed method is feasible and effective for video-based dynamic texture analysis in varying illumina- tion conditions

Traffic in modern data networks and information systems are most adequately described by different classes of fractal models. This kind of models takes into account the following key characteristics of traffic as high variability events grouping and explicit correlation structure on different time scales. Fractal shot process FSNDP, referring to the fractal point process is sufficiently accurate approximation of the network load at individual workstations or small workgroups, is defined with five numerical parameters, with known estimating algorithms on available samples (based on actual traffic dumps). Studies based on queueing system simulation with input FSNDP stream managed to establish a stable relationship between the change in each of the input parameters and the average queue length in the system. Confirmed direct correlation queue length of the parameter characterizing the amplitude of the individual load bursts, found an inverse relationship of the index related to the Hurst parameter and master degree of fractal properties. Based on the identified dependencies, obtained empirical relations between parameters of FSNDP process and the average queue length in single-channel queueing system with unlimited queue and deterministic service discipline FSNDP/D/1. These relationships allow to estimate the average volume of buffer used and the average delay introduced by the network equipment in the load conditions expressed fractal properties from measurements of real traffic. The presence of the formulae increases the importance of traffic models based on FSNPD, since it makes possible to perform a full cycle analysis of queueing systems and queueing networks without involving the simulation methods.

The article presents the application of network Intellectual Property cores (IP cores) software-driven verification method for network infrastructure devices in the system-on-chip microprocessor (SoC) used as verification environ- ment. The SoC used for verification is a reference system since it consists of previously fully verified and approved IP cores which interact in this system correctly and accurately. Software of a reference system generates test inputs and processes responses to them which are received from a verified device. Conclusions of executed or unexecuted tests are generated on the basis of the expected results. A set of expected results of input action is a reference model of a verified IP core. General architecture of a verification system of a network device IP core has a form of a classic test loop. The vari- ants of verification architecture given depend on the type of a verified network device: an individual network codec, a network protocol controller or a network switch. The presented architectures show the simplicity of software-driven verification. The test environment naturally results from the reference SoC model and test software developed in such high-level programming language as C/C++. When the software-driven verification of an IP core takes place in reference SoC environment, the test software con- sists of two types of tests: directed tests and restricted-random tests. Successive use of both the given types of tests and typical scenarios of network devices interaction which include request-reply packages transmission between network nodes provides high coverage of a verified IP core with test situations. To check fault tolerance function it is supposed to use the scenarios of network devices interaction in conditions of possible faults made by predetermined introducing of errors into packages transmitted over the network connections. Program tests which are developed and proved during the IP core model verification are completely ready to be used in hardware SoC prototype including the given IP core in the programmable logic device. The presented approach to functional verification was used for IP cores testing in SpaceWire network infrastruc- ture: a fault tolerance codec, a RMAP protocol controller and a routing switch.

The reliability of spacecraft is supported on the stage of the ground experimental testing. Therefore, the probability of no-failure operation of spacecraft depends on the test quality. Thermal vacuum tests are one of the main stages of the thermal control system and the spacecraft as a whole. The purpose of thermal vacuum tests is to confirm the thermal state of the spacecraft and thermal characteristics of thermal control system in the conditions near to operational. The main requirement for thermal vacuum tests is imitation of normal operation conditions of spacecraft. Thermal vacuum tests are carried out on special test complexes providing simulation of the external thermal factors, which influences spacecraft at orbital operation. The solar simulator is one of the basic and important elements of these com- plexes. The solar simulator imitates solar impact on spacecraft at orbital operation. One of the basic and most complex elements of these complexes is a solar simulator that simulates a solar impact on the spacecraft at the orbital operation. Solar simulators provide a continuous stream of optical radiation. The spec- tral characteristics simulator must be close to the spectral characteristics of the solar radiation. The purpose of this article is to analyze some solar simulators to select the best construction for further improve- ments aimed at reducing energy consumption exploitation of solar simulator for testing spacecraft and improve the quality of thermal vacuum testing. We describe the basic requirements for solar simulators, the most relevant characteristics of the solar spectrum and intensity in outer space. We made comparative description of the five solar simulators home and foreign production by four key parameters. In this work the possibility of creation and application of the compact solar simulator is being considered. The re- search objective is to develop a compact solar spectrum simulator for increasing the quality of spacecraft thermal vac- uum tests.

Adaptive digital antenna arrays, also known as smart antennas, are a perspective direction in the development of ground-based command and measurement antenna stations. Smart antennas can significantly improve the efficiency of controlling data exchange between the satellite and ground-based earth station. This benefits the productivity of the technological operations and reduces the time intervals forperforming the technological control cycle. Depending on the requirements, smart antennas containfrom a hundred to several thousand active modules. In this case, the probabil- ity of failure of the active module increases. This article discusses the issues of ensuring reliability ofsmart antennas : their ability to maintainin timethe values of their technical parameters within the established limits, which are deter- mined by failures of the equipment included in the antenna, mainly by module failures.

Simulation of space flight conditions for testing of spacecrafts and their individual systems on the Earth is an urgent problem in the field of space exploration today. Task of creating a solar simulator for ground testing of space-purpose solar cells based on pulsed xenon prolonged cylindrical lamp and a conical reflector is considered. Application of pulsed xenon lamp as a radiation source in solar simulators allows to reproduce the radiation of the sun closely by spectrum and flux density. Few divergent radiation flux can be obtained using axially symmetric mirrors (parabolic, parabolic-cylindrical, conical) with the sources of radiation in their focus. Important aspects of creating three- dimensional models of solar simulator for the study of its characteristics, as well as carrying out experimental verifica- tion of the adequacy of the created three-dimensional model are stated. Two methods are proposed to produce a solar simulator radiation flux corresponding to the required density, flux collimation, its spectrum. As artificial defocusing of the radiation source and the conical reflector as application of gradient shading the surface of the radiation source or conical reflector can reduce the nonuniformity of distribution of the radiant flux density by three times. Proposed ways of the incident radiation flux nonuniformity alignment for the testing of optical schemes are fundamentally appli- cable and effective. The proposed design of solar simulator is easy in technical execution, does not require significant capital and operating costs for its functioning. Further study of the proposed solar simulator model and its testing in the laboratory are assumed.

The object of the study was the Scotch pine, as a bioindicator of soil contamination from the storage area of MCT (rocket fuel components) and missile military units. It has been established that the radiation levels (exposure and equivalent dose of external gamma radiation, alpha and beta-field levels, specific activity of radionuclides, including technogenic cesium-137) at the facility correspond to background indicators. According to the indications of the mili- tary chemical reconnaissance device, the content of MCT in the individual test sites is 0.001 mg / l, which corresponds to the level of “Danger”. On the soil in special facilities there are visible traces of spills of technical fluids, and in the air there is a specific smell. Chemically contaminated fittings, construction debris, remnants of containers and special structures are in abandoned condition. In this connection, reclamation of the given territory is required. When carrying out work on detoxification and rehabilitation of soils, it is necessary to take into account the pronounced spatial unevenness of the level of residual contamination. To calculate the volume and technology of the work, it is recom- mended to carry out a microbiological soil analysis and make a detailed map of phytotoxicity. When compiling a phyto- toxicity map, the following set of indicators are recommended to be taken into account: interest and quality concerning exposed to necrosis and chlorosis of the samples of pine needles.

By calculated and experimental methods features of the process of turning the rotary multifaceted cutters were investigated. Influence of cutting conditions on the intensity of deformation processes, shape and dimensions of the cross section of cutting layer in the form of chips and roughness of the treated surface were installed. The resulting semi-empirical equations allow the appoint the cutting modes to predict the roughness parameters Ra, Rz, Rmax. The proposed method combines elements of skew turning (in which the cut layer moves along the cutting edge) and rotary turning (in which the sections of the cutting edge are constantly renewed). That leads to better cooling and hence longer tool life. The required cutting speed is ensured by selection of the cutter speed; the rotation of the machined shaft corresponds to the azimuthal supply. In the proposed method, the cut width is variable and corresponds to the section of the cutter profile with an increasing radius vector, while the cutting depth varies in the vertical plane of the cut. On the basis of the cutting kinematics, kinematic undulation may appear. To eliminate that, the longitudinal and azimuthal supply must be specified in accordance with our recommendations. Carrying out the corresponding researches allows revealing optimum modes of processing and to make practical recommendations about their choice for various conditions and materials. In general, studies have confirmed the promise of the proposed method.

The research of features of structural and phase transformations in alloys with shape memory effect Ni51Ti49, occur- ring during plastic deformation is relevant in connection with the extensive use of alloys of nickel-titanium systems in the manufacture of various products of rocket-space and aviation technology. The problem of structure in NiTi during plastic deformation is the subject of a lot of debates and needs further research. The aim is to study the microstructure of lenticular crystals, appearing as a result of plastic deformation Ni51Ti49 samples. Heat-treated alloy samples Ni51Ti49 were static stretched before breaking. The stretched samples were thinned at the neck region and prepared through ion etching for study by transmission electron microscopy. The lenticular crystals with numerous extinction contours were detected. In the electron diffraction patterns from crystals of lenticular system reflexes found appropriate phase with pentagonal symmetry axis. As a result of the decryp- tion of the diffraction pattern revealed B2 matrix phase with parameter 3.01 Å, phase fcc with parameter 3.68 Å, as well as a system of reflexes of the primitive cubic lattice with a parameter of 2.13 Å. Based on the review performed by the modular representation of the crystal structures of the scheme of formation of the cluster unit with pentagonal symmetry, can explain the experimental results. BCC lattice can be described as a system consisting of 6 wrong octahedra. FCC lattice can be represented as a combination of a regular octahedron surrounded by a regular tetrahedron, linked by common triangular faces. The ten reflexes of phase with pentagonal symmetry correspond to d111 = 2.13Å FCC lattice. 20 tetrahedrons from FCC lattice are forming an icosahedron due to small displacements of atoms It is demonstrated how icosahedral phase with pentagonal symmetry formed from tetrahedral simplices FCC lattice can be inscribed in a simple cube with the appropriate parameters. Theoretical information on features of the diffraction methods of the structure investigation was considered, which allowed describing the observed diffraction patterns, as well as linking them with the theoretical concepts proposed in the framework of the cluster model.

Method of improvement of operational properties of surfaces is considered. Under study is the applicability of high- frequency electromagnetic field for metal heating and melting with a view to its subsequent modification. 2D numerical modeling of the processes during the modification of the substrate surface metal layer is carried out. The substrate surface is covered with a layer of specially prepared nano-size particles of refractory compounds, which are active crystallization centers after the penetration into the melt. The distribution of the electromagnetic energy in the metal is described by empirical formulas. The proposed mathematical model is used to consider the processes including heat- ing, phase transition and heat transfer in the molten metal, the nucleation and growth of the solid phase in the presence of a modifier material in the melt. Melting of the metal is considered at the Stephan’s approximation, and during solidi- fication all nano-size particles are assumed to be centers of volume-consecutive crystallization. The flow in the liquid is described by the Navier-Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation. The movement of the markers models the distribution of nano-size particles in the melt. According to the results of numerical experiments, the flow structure in the melt was evaluated versus the characteristics of induction heating and the amount of surface-active impurities in the metal. The modes of the induction-pulse action are detected: they promote creating the flows for the homogeneous dis- tribution of modifying particles in the melt. Found that the application of high frequency electromagnetic field for heat- ing and melting of metals allows to modify the metal deeper in comparison with the use of a laser.

The paper describes the materials on the basis of solid solutions GdxMn1-xS и GdxMn1-xSe with concentration x = 0.2, which could potentially be used as sensors, sensor devices, read-write information. The magnetoresistive properties of Gd0.2Mn0.8S and Gd0.2Mn0.8Se solid solutions in a zero and magnetic field of 13 kOe in the temperature range 80-500 K were studied. In manganese sulphides GdxMn1-xS, the sign of the magnetoresistance changes from positive to negative and its maximum in the region of transition to the magnetically ordered state. The minimum is found at T = 325 K, and in the magnetic field the resistance also increases, and the minimum in its temperature dependence shifts toward high temperatures to T = 380 K. The magnetoresistance changes sigh with increasing temperature from positive to negative at T = 320 K and disappears at T = 475 K. In manganese sulfides GdxMn1-xSe, a negative magnetoresistance is observed below room temperature and a hysteresis of the current-voltage characteristics. In a magnetic field the hysteresis decreases. The change of the sign magnetoresistance with increasing temperature is established. The magnetoresistance δ = (ρ(H) - ρ(0)) / ρ(0) in GdxMn1-xSe with replacement concentration x = 0.2 changes sigh with increasing temperature at T = 320 K. At this temperature, a wide hysteresis of the current-voltage characteristic is observed. The synthesis of new chalcogenide compounds in the cationic substitution of manganese by gadolinium in the MnS and MnSe systems will make it possible to clarify the effect of the anion system, as a result of studying its magnetoresistive properties with a concentration in the gadolinium ion flux region along the x = 0.2 lattice. The experimental data are explained in the model of the orbital ordering and spin-orbit interaction.

Military-industrial complex and its machine-building enterprises are the driving force of the Russian Federation economic development. For a long time, the conversion processes provided the dissemination of innovative develop- ments of the defense industry in the economy civilian sectors. Military products and dual-use industries are necessary, first of all, to meet the needs of the national armed forces and foreign customers, and the development of the national economy. The most important direction for further improvement industry is its sustainable development. At present, the domestic machine-building defense industry enterprises are implementing many large-scale projects aimed at main- taining the pace of sustainable operation and development the industry in order to modernize and implement a number of state programs. The domestic defense industry is undoubtedly one of the leaders in the global production profile products, a producer of technologies, as evidenced by the growing demand for the armament nomenclature and related technologies. At the moment, during the period of global changes, further development trends of the industry are traced, namely: changes in the volume and production structure, the change in technological structures, and changes in prices for resources. At the same time, defense engineering enterprises face with a number of difficulties in the management, marketing, finance and production areas. On the basis analysis of existing problems, the most important factors influ- encing the activity machine-building enterprises were identified and grouped. The signs of their classification are the following: a functional group, the source impact and its duration, the degree of variability, controllability, the direction the impact on sustainability. Such a classification will make it possible to propose the indicators system for assessing the sustainable development and functioning of machine-building enterprises in the industry. Sustainable development implies the coherence of not only economic, but also social, as well as, environmental activities of the enterprise, with economic, social and environmental factors highlighted. Within the economic group factors, management, market, pro- duction and financial subgroups are identified. The features activity of machine-building enterprises are explored, which makes it possible to develop ways of solving existing problems more effectively while ensuring stable functioning in short-term and sustainable development in the long term.

When modeling the life cycle of the program for the creation of science-intensive products, it is necessary to take into account the risks which are specific for the creation of rocket and space technology. In this article we offer the new kind of organizational and economic models for estimation the risks of projects for creating rocket and space technology. In it, for the first time, we consider the generalization of the additive-multiplicative model of risk estimation. In a two-level scheme at the lower level, risk assessments are combined additively, at the top level - multiplicatively. We use the additive-multiplicative model to estimate the risks of projects for creating rocket and space technology. There are 44 private risks at the lower level and 8 at the top, respectively, the stages of project implementation. The additive-multiplicative model is also useful for solving other problems of risk estimation. We applied it to estimate the risks of implementing innovative projects in universities (with the participation of external partners) and to estimate the risks in the release of new innovative products. We consider successively the main elements of a new model of risk estimation models: a hierarchical risk system, an expert risk estimation of the lower level, an aggregation of the risks in the lower group to calculate the higher-level group risk, use of the estimation results for risk management, the consequences of the failure of terms and methods for overcoming them. For the creation of a hierarchical system of risks, the next step is the construction and application of a low-level expert risk estimation (private risk) system. It is natural for an expert to use non-numerical characteristics for estimation, so it is natural to give the risk estimations of a specific project for creating rocket and space technology using linguistic variables. Values of linguistic variables we can obtain directly from experts in the form of scores from the series 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. With further development of the organizational and economic model of risk estimation of projects for the purpose of in-depth description of uncertainties, other mathematical tools based on theory of fuzzy sets and interval mathematics can be used. Perspective methods of aggregating risk estimations assume the use of weighted Kolmogorov's means, weighted medians I and II types. Estimation results we use in risk management. The approach and the mathematical model which we develop in this article can be useful for project managers who carry out their activities in the rocket and space industry.