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Vol 27, No 12 (2024)
Pharmaceutical chemistry
Standardization of antiulcer herbal remedy
Abstract
Introduction. The herbal remedy intended for the treatment and prevention of gastric and duodenal ulcers includes dry extracts of 8 plants and finely сrushed powder of coriander fruit.
Determining the quality indicators of the herbal remedy and its components – dry extracts – is the purpose of this work.
Materials and methods. Dry extracts for the preparation of herbal remedy were obtained from the Small Innovative Enterprise "Arura" (Ulan-Ude). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds and glycyrrhizic acid was determined by HPLC. The total contents of sum of biologically active substances were determined using pharmacopoeial methods.
Results. Cynaroside, lycurazide, narcissin, typhaneoside, rutin, isoquercitrin, dihydroquercetin, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, coumarin, gallic, chlorogenic, chicoric, caffeic, ferulic, and glycyrrhizic acids were identified by HPLC in the herbal remedy.
Conclusion. The quality indicators of the herbal remedy include the recommended content of biologically active substances: the sum of flavonoids in terms of rutin – no less than 2.0%, glycyrrhizic acid – no less than 0.1% (HPLC), ascorbic acid – no less than 0.3%. The UV spectrum of a 70% alcoholic extract of the herbal remedy should have a maximum absorption at a wavelength of 230–236 nm, 330±5 nm, 273 sh., a minimum absorption at 312, 216 nm.
5-11
Comparative study of settings from wild species of steelworm
Abstract
Introduction. In folk medicine in many countries of the world, the roots of field steelweed (Ononis arvensis L.), a genus of plants of the legume family (Fabaceae or Leguminosae) have long been used as a medicine. Modern research is aimed at determining the content of biologically active compounds (BACs) in closely related steelhead species. However, studies to determine the key BAS and compare their content in the grass and roots of wild steelhead (Ononis arvensis L.) and intermediate steelhead (Ononis intermedia L.), growing in the territory of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, have not yet been carried out. In ethnomedicine, these types of steelweed are widely used in the form of tinctures, infusions and lotions obtained from the underground part of the plant. At the same time, the above-ground part of steelweed, which is an unclaimed waste during the harvesting of roots, according to the literature, is richer in BAS than the underground part.
The purpose of the work is a comparative study of tinctures from wild steelweed species.
Material and methods. Samples of tinctures made by maceration from the grass and roots of wild species of field steelweed (Ononis arvensis L.) and intermediate steelgrass (Ononis intermedia L.), growing in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, were studied. Tinctures were prepared in a ratio of 1:5 using 70% ethyl alcohol as an extractant. A comparison of the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the tincture samples was carried out in terms of dry residue, ethyl alcohol content, microbiological purity, and the quantitative content of BAS.
Results. The presence of total isoflavonoids (in terms of ononine), onocerin, total flavonoids (in terms of rutin), total phenolcarboxylic acids, and tannins was confirmed in the tincture samples. The studied samples of tinctures contain a qualitatively similar BAS complex. The total amount of extractives (dry residue) in tinctures is from 2.02% to 2.32%. The content of the sum of isoflavonoids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenylcarboxylic acids is significantly higher in tinctures from the roots of both types of steelhead than in tinctures from the grass of the field steelhead and intermediate.
Conclusions. The data obtained indicate the need for further research on the presence of individual BAS in preparations, belonging to classes such as isoflavonoids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenylcarboxylic acids.
12-18
Microscopic characteristics and component composition of the essential oil of artemisia nitrosa web ex stechm
Abstract
Introduction. Artemisia nitrosa is a perennial herbaceous plant of the subgenus Seriphidium. Wormwoods of this subgenus have poor chemical study due to high endemism and polymorphism. In the literature there are data on the chemical composition of the essential oil of A. nitrosa flora of Kazakhstan, Western Siberia and the Far East. It is established that the essential oil shows antifungal and antimicrobial activity.
The purpose of this work is to determine the main anatomo-diagnostic features of A. nitrosa, as well as the isolation of essential oil by various methods and determination of its component composition.
Material and methods. Anatomo-diagnostic features of Artemisia seliticana were determined according to the pharmacopoeial method, according to OFS.1.5.3.0003.15. Essential oil was isolated by two methods: hydrodistillation and vapor-distillation. Component analysis of essential oil was determined by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Results. Determination of microscopic features showed that fragments of epidermises with wavy walls are visible on the surface of the upper side of the leaf. Cells of the lower epidermis – with more wavy walls and anomocytic stomata. There are three types of hairs – glandular, flagelliform and T-shaped. On two sides of the leaf there are large, oval essential oil glands of tier type, consisting of 6-8 excretory cells. Wormwood essential oil is a light-moving liquid of yellow color, with a characteristic odor. The yield of oil extracted by hydrodistillation method – 0.1%, by vapor distillation – 0.3%. More than 60 components were detected in the samples of oil by GC-MS, of which terpenoids predominate. The essential oil of A. nitrosa extracted by hydrodistillation and hydrolat are characterized by a high content of “light components” monocyclic monoterpenoids 11.53–17.29%, bicyclic – 20.95–48.13%. Oils obtained by steam distillation contain much less monoterpenoids: monocyclic – 3.17%, bicyclic – 6.51%, tricyclic – 0.61%. The oil extracted by steam distillation contains mainly “heavy components” bicyclic sesquiterpenoids – 48.89%, tricyclic – 10.83%, hydrocarbons – 7.09%. The constant components are 1,8-cineol, sabinene, camphor, terpinen-4-ol.
Conclusion. Artemisia herbа can be used medicinally as a source of essential oil high in 1,8-cineole and camphor.
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Changes in the composition of essential oils of artemisia sieversiana willd. During raw material storage
Abstract
Introduction. Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile compounds, mainly of terpene nature, extracted from plants and possessing many pharmacological actions. Among the variety of components of essential oils, the most interesting is natural azulene - chamazulene, formed in the process of hydrodistillation, possessing antimicrobial, regenerative, anti-burn and anti-inflammatory actions. One of the promising sources of obtaining essential oils rich in sesquiterpene and azulene compounds are representatives of the genus Artemisia L., especially A. sieversiana.
The aim of the study is to determine changes in the composition of essential oils of A. sieversiana depending on the duration of storage of plant materials.
Material and methods. Essential oils isolated from the above-ground part of A. sieversiana collected during the period of mass flowering in the Ivolginsky District of the Republic of Buryatia (freshly collected raw materials, from air-dried raw materials and from raw materials stored for 1, 6 and 12 months) were studied. Essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation, their content was determined by the volumetric method. The qualitative composition and quantitative content of essential oil components were established by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Results. The qualitative composition and quantitative content of the components of the above-ground part of A. sieversiana with different storage periods were studied. Comparative analysis of the component composition of essential oils showed that the following were dominant in all samples: chamazulene (5.90–43.39%), germacrene D (3.77–12.80%), neryl 2-methylbutanoate (3.83–14.35%), neryl 3-methylbutanoate (2.15–5.69%), γ-costol (2.20–8.25%) and selina-4,11-diene (2.16–4.51%). Considering that the yield of essential oils decreases as the raw material is dried and stored, its production for the purpose of extracting chamazulene after 6 months of storage is impractical.
Conclusion. The obtained data are relevant in practical activities to identify the shelf life expitartion of A. sieversiana raw materials in order to obtain essential oils with an optimal component composition.
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Biological chemistry
Intestinal monoamine oxidase: localization, functions, role in pathology
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase is an enzyme whose functions and contribution to pathology have been so well studied in the brain, but remains unjustifiably forgotten in other organs and tissues, despite the fact that it is far from organ-specific and even has its maximum activity in the periphery rather than in the CNS. Data on the activity of monoamine oxidase in the intestine are isolated and fragmentary. Publications of individual clinical cases with positive effects in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases with monoamine oxidase inhibitors served as a starting point for the initiation of fundamental research on cellular and animal models. Changes in the regulation and expression of the enzyme were found in some oncological diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, including gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. This review concentrates on key works showing the complexity of localization and partial certainty of the functions of monoamine oxidase in the intestine, the features of changes in enzyme activity in ontogenesis and participation in the development of pathological conditions. The possibilities of using monoamine oxidase as a diagnostic marker or pharmacological target for the therapy of intestinal diseases are considered.
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Expanding the scope of application of clinical biochemical reagent kits for determining metabolite concentrations and enzyme activities and optimizing protocols of their using
Abstract
Introduction. The main consumers of commercial reagent kits for the study of metabolites and enzymes are clinical laboratories. Therefore, protocols for their using and calculating indices were developed mainly for blood and urine analysis. However, it is regularly necessary to determine metabolites concentration and enzymes activity to solve other tasks.
Purpose of the work – as a case study estimation of glucose concentration and amylase activity in hemolymph plasma of the gastropod mollusc Achatina fulica to demonstrate how protocols for using some clinical reagent kits for determining metabolites concentration and enzymes activity can be optimized and how the scope of their application can be expanded.
Material and Methods. The hemolymph plasma of the gastropod mollusc A. fulica served as the object of the study. Glucose concentration and amylase activity were determined in hemolymph plasma using clinical biochemical reagent kits from Spinreact (Spain). The standard and optimized protocols for determining glucose concentration are described. An optimized protocol for determining amylase activity has been described previously.
Results. A. fulica is often used as a convenient model in experimental and practical developments of different areas of focus. The knowledge of diagnostically significant biochemical indices of hemolymph plasma of mollusks makes it possible to monitor the "state of health" of animals during their cultivation in laboratories and practical using. In contrast to the original protocol for determining glucose concentration, full calibration experiments were performed, with sample analysis time reduced to one minute. The optimized protocols for using reagent kits proposed in the article were tested to determine glucose concentration and amylase activity in the hemolymph plasma of A. fulica (n=16). The values were 0,42 ± 0,07 mM and 27,8 ± 0,6 IU/L, respectively.
Conclusion. As a case study estimation of glucose concentration and amylase activity in hemolymph plasma of the gastropod mollusc Achatina fulica the effectiveness of the proposed ways of optimization of protocols for using some clinical reagent kits was demonstrated. The optimized protocols are suitable for determining the concentration of such metabolites as glucose and lactate as well as for analyzing the kinetics of various enzymes with direct measurements of their activity. The performed optimization allowed to expand the scope of application of biochemical reagent kits used in medicine, as well as to significantly reduce the time of analysis.
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Evaluation of biocompatibility and adhesive properties of scaffolds based on inorganic bone matrix
Abstract
Introduction. The use of cellular engineering structures, including cell cultures and composite biomaterials, ensures maximum efficiency of bone defect repair, and the development of techniques and testing of carriers for osteogenic cell transplantation remains an urgent task of modern science. The study carried out biological testing of scaffolds based on the inorganic bone matrix obtained by a previously developed and patented method at the Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants using human fibroblasts in terms of cytotoxicity, efficiency of cell adhesion and proliferation.
The purpose of the study is to evaluate experimentally the biocompatibility and adhesive properties of SIBM samples using human cell cultures in vitro to create an implantation cellular engineering structures.
Material and methods. The object of the study is SIBM samples of the inorganic bone tissue of the compact substance of the diaphysis of the femur of a bull with a cell line of human dermal fibroblasts HdFb (d77). The biocompatibility and adhesive properties of SIBM with respect to the cell line of dermal fibroblasts, their effect on cell viability and proliferative activity were studied using phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and the classical spectral method using tetrazolium yellow salt (MTT method).
Results. The formation of contacts of the plasma membrane of dermal fibroblasts with the SIBM samples was studied within 240 hours of incubation. At the same time, there were no significant changes in cell morphology. They formed a confluent monolayer (with cells tightly adjacent to each other), adhered well and were distributed over the surface of the SIBM. SIBM samples had virtually no effect on the metabolic activity of HdFb cells. The data obtained indicate a minimal effect of the studied samples on cell viability and proliferation, the absence of toxicity to cells and good biocompatibility with dermal fibroblasts in vitro.
Conclusions. It has been experimentally proved that the studied SIBM samples obtained by the previously developed method at the Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants have adhesive properties, lack of cytotoxicity with respect to human HdFb dermal fibroblasts and have little effect on their proliferation in vitro.
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Quantitative 4-hexylresorcinol determination in muscle tissue of broiler chickens receiving this compound in feeding diet and the influence of its residual concentrations on the microbiological characteristics of poultry products
Abstract
Introduction. Plant-derived compounds with antimicrobial activity (phytobiotics) are a relevant alternative to traditional antibiotics in livestock and poultry farming. One of the promising phytobiotics are alkylresorcinols - a large group of phenolic lipids, among which 4-hexylresorcinol has the most pronounced antimicrobial activity.
Goal. To assess the possibility of 4-hexylresorcinol accumulation in muscle tissue of broiler chickens that received this compound as an additive to the basic diet, with an evaluation of the effect of its residual concentrations on microbiological indicators of meat quality.
Material and Methods. Chemically synthesized 4-hexylresorcinol (CAS 136-77-6) with a purity of 98% was used in the study. Experimental groups of Arbor Acres broiler chickens received this compound as an additive to the basic diet for 35 days at doses of 62.5, 125 and 250 mg per 1 kg of feed. The quantitative determination of 4-hexylresorcinol in the muscle tissue of broiler chickens was carried out by high-performance chromatography with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometric detection on a liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer LCMS-8050 (Shimadzu Corporation, Japan). Microbial contamination of muscle tissue immediately after slaughter and after 5 days of storage at +4°C was analyzed in accordance with national quality standards.
Results. Validation of an HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of 4-hexylresorcinol in broiler chicken muscle tissue established a linear range of 50 - 1000 ng/g with deviations no more than ±15% between the nominal and experimentally detected concentrations of this compound. Analysis of biosamples from broiler chickens fed with 4-hexylresorcinol supplement showed the possibility of its accumulation in the range from 50 to 200 ng per 1 gram of muscle tissue with maximum values of 124.4-194.5 ng/g in the experimental group receiving this compound at a dose of 125 mg per 1 kg of feed. The presence of 4-hexylresorcinol in broiler chicken muscles resulted in suppression of mesophilic aerobic and facultative-anaerobic microorganisms in post-slaughter products, which was most pronounced in samples with the maximum accumulation of this compound.
Conclusion. The study results indicate the possibility of 4-hexylresorcinol accumulation in poultry products due to its use as a feed supplement. This observation corresponds to the inclusion of 4-hexylresorcinol in the EAEU Customs Union list of chemical compounds permitted for use in the food industry, but requires further study of its migration along food chains, taking into account the multiple variants of biological activity of alkylresorcinols.
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Molecular features of the action of hormones on angiogenesis
Abstract
The review presents data on the symbiotic relationship between the nervous and vascular systems, the active interaction between which reflects the main problems of the development of serious neurological disorders. The purpose of the article is to establish more detailed understanding of the mechanisms of action of hormones on the local microenvironment of endothelial cells under conditions of angiogenesis, as well as to identify the latest data on the molecular mechanisms of hormones in pathological conditions. The literature was studied, including scientific domestic and foreign publications that were prepared mainly over the last five years. The research methodology was content analysis of primary sources and scientific results obtained by other authors. The use of taxonomic and comparative analysis made it possible to study and compare the types and effects of hormones depending on the place of their synthesis. The use of the systemic-structural method ensured the construction of a diagram reflecting the influence of hormonal molecules on angiogenesis. The study of both Russian and foreign sources provides an understanding of the basic molecular mechanisms and factors of the vascular system. At the same time, a mature vascular network is the basis of cellular metabolism. There is a clear coordination relationship between endothelial processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, matrix adhesion and intercellular signaling processes. Vascular growth is a complex and dynamic process, regulated by pro- and antiangiogenic growth factors, adhesion molecules, enzymes, transcription factors, and hormones. Hormones influence angiogenesis either directly, by acting on endothelial cells, or indirectly, by regulating the action of proangiogenic factors. This review provides important information, since angiogenesis is one of the key conditions for the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. Therefore, antiangiogenic treatment is a promising antitumor strategy aimed at vascular optimization. The conclusion is formulated about the need to study and develop effective and specific biomarkers that respond to the damaged angiogenic system, with a view to their possible practical application for fundamental research in the field of molecular neurobiology.
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Medical chemistry
Soluble forms of programmed cell death receptor pd-1 and its ligand pd-l1 in breast cancer
Abstract
Introduction. Immunotherapy for breast cancer is not a universal tool and requires careful selection of patients for its implementation. When using immune checkpoint inhibitors PD-1/PD-L1, determining the IHC status of the tumor is sometimes insufficient and the results of the expression of these proteins in tumor cells are contradictory. In the last decade, research interest has increased in soluble forms of PD-1/PD-L1, which can be identified in the serum or plasma of cancer patients, while the concentrations of these proteins differ in patients with various malignancies and change during tumor progression, which can be used to monitor the course of the disease and assess the prognosis of the disease.
The purpose of the work is to analyze the clinical and laboratory significance of soluble forms of the PD-1 receptor and its ligand in the blood serum of patients with breast cancer, taking into account the main clinical and morphological characteristics of the disease.
Material and methods. An analysis of the content of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 in the blood serum of 77 patients (average age 52.3 years) with newly diagnosed breast cancer at various stages and in 49 healthy women (average age 47.9 years) who made up the control group was carried out. The concentration of sPD-L1 and sPD-1 in blood serum obtained according to standard methods before the start of specific treatment was determined using reagent kits for direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay "Human PD-L1 Platinum ELISA" and "Human PD-1 ELISA kit" (Affymetrix, eBioscience, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Measurements were carried out on an automatic enzyme immunoassay analyzer BEP 2000 Advance (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Germany). Statistical analysis of the obtained results was carried out using GraphPad Prizm v. 10. When comparing indicators and analyzing their relationships, nonparametric Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.
Results. It was found that the median concentration of sPD-L1 in the blood serum of patients with breast cancer was statistically significantly higher (49.2 pg/ml) than the control (9.2 pg/ml) (p < 0.0001), while the level of sPD-1 on the contrary, it is statistically significantly lower in patients with breast cancer (7.5 pg/ml) compared to the control group (47.1 pg/ml; p < 0.0001). The levels of markers in the blood serum of patients with unilateral and primary multiple breast cancer were practically the same. Analysis of diagnostic significance showed that at an sPD-1 concentration of 18.1 pg/ml, the sensitivity and specificity of the method are 98% (AUC – area under the curve 0.998 with 95% CI 0.993–1.000; p < 0.0001), which indicates promise further study of this protein in breast cancer. For sPD-L1, it was demonstrated that the maximum sensitivity and specificity of the test (92% and 80%, respectively) was achieved at a cut-off value of 24 pg/ml (AUC – area under the curve 0.954 with 95% CI 0.923–0.985; p < 0.0001). It was shown that in the group of patients with the HER2+ subtype of breast cancer, the content of sPD-L1 is almost 2 times higher compared to other subtypes of this disease and 10 times higher compared to the control group. With a threshold value of sPD-L1 equal to the median content in this group of patients (96.2 pg/ml), the sensitivity and specificity of the method were (86% and 100%, respectively). Patients with this receptor type of tumor constitute the smallest group, and therefore the results obtained require validation on a larger sample. The analysis did not reveal correlations between the levels of the studied proteins and the clinical and morphological characteristics of breast cancer, with the exception of a direct association between the content of sPD-1 in the blood serum and the proliferative status of the tumor.
Conclusions. The detected changes in the production of soluble forms of the sPD-1 receptor and its ligand sPD-L1 in patients with breast cancer may indicate the immunogenicity of these tumors. At the same time, repeated analysis of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 in the blood serum of patients is possible, which can be used not only in the diagnosis of these neoplasms, but also in monitoring the disease with repeated studies of these biomarkers in the case of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors PD-1/PD-L1. All this requires further research.
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Concentrations of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the blood serum of patients with glioblastoma of the brain
Abstract
Introduction. Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive malignant brain tumors. In a number of observations, these tumors are not sensitive to drug therapy, are often prone to recurrence, and the prognosis for most patients remains unfavorable. Therefore, one of the promising directions is the search for biomarkers for timely diagnosis and monitoring of the disease.
Aim. To analyze the content of the soluble form of the GFAP protein in the blood serum of patients with glioblastoma and determine its prognostic significance.
Material and methods. We examined 178 patients (99 men and 79 women) with glioblastoma of the brain aged from 18 to 82 years, who underwent examination and treatment at the Federal State Budgetary Institution "National Medical Research Center of Oncology named after. N.N. Blokhin" in the period from 2016 to 2023. All of them were diagnosed with glioblastoma (IV degree of malignancy), which was confirmed by morphological and molecular genetic studies. The control group consisted of 34 healthy donors (18 men and 16 women) aged from 19 to 80 years and the comparison group of 31 patients (26 men and 5 women) with traumatic brain injuries of varying severity aged 19 to 56 years. GFAP concentrations were determined in blood serum samples from patients with glioblastoma before treatment, and in patients with traumatic brain injuries 2-3 hours after injury using enzyme immunoassay "Human test system GFAP ELISA" (Biovendor, Czech Republic). Data were processed using Statistica 10 (StatSoft) and SPSS (IBM) software. When comparing indicators and analyzing their relationships, the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test was used. Analysis of the information content of the diagnostic method by assessing its sensitivity and specificity was carried out by constructing ROC curves and calculating the area under them (AUC). Overall survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Comparison of the statistical significance of differences between indicators was carried out using the log-rank test. Differences and correlations were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.
Results. In the blood serum of healthy donors, GFAP was detected only in 8.8% (3 out of 34) of those examined, and its median content was 0 ng/ml. In patients with glioblastoma, GFAP was detected in 73.6% of cases (131 out of 178 patients) and its median content was 0.196 ng/ml. Slightly less frequently (in 20 of 31 patients, 64.5%), GFAP was found in patients with traumatic brain injuries and its median content was 0.027 ng/ml. ROC analysis showed that for the group of patients with glioblastoma, the area under the ROC curve was 0.855 (p = 0.0001), for patients with traumatic brain injury – 0.793 (p < 0.0001). The analysis showed that high levels of GFAP more than 0.014 ng/ml in the blood serum of patients with glioblastoma are prognostically unfavorable, although they did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.4). The median survival of patients was 26.6 months with GFAP levels < 0.014 ng/ml, while in patients with higher levels of this protein (≥0.014 ng/ml) the median survival was 14 months.
Conclusions. GFAP was detected in the blood serum of 73.6% of patients with glioblastoma of the brain, 64.5% of patients with traumatic brain injury, and only 8.8% of healthy donors. GFAP concentrations in patients with glioblastoma and patients with traumatic brain injury did not differ from each other, but were significantly higher compared to the control group. GFAP levels in the blood serum of patients with glioblastoma ≥ 0.014 ng/ml are associated with an unfavorable prognosis of overall survival.
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Polyprogmasia influence on the development of complications in elderly and senile people with low creatinine clearance
Abstract
Introduction. This paper highlights the issues of polypragmasia and its impact on clinical outcomes of oral anticoagulants.
Objective. To report the clinical outcomes of oral anticoagulants in patients with polypragmasia.
Material and methods. 503 patients taking oral anticoagulants along with other drugs were included in the study.
Results. according to the results of the study it was found that polypragmasia is a significant factor of POAC-related complications. The factors of drug withdrawal or complications related to POAC administration were: obesity of 2nd and 3rd degree, advanced age, chronic kidney disease stage C3b and C4. The above factors are the direct factors of polypragmasy, which in itself reduces adherence to POAC, in addition to that POAC withdrawal was found to be associated with the patient's intake of a number of drugs.
Conclusion. polypragmasy has a negative impact on POAC intake. On the one hand it is a factor of decreased adherence to treatment, on the other hand - a factor of undesirable drug interactions.
94-99
Multifactoriality of hyperfermentation in children of early neonatal period in acute pneumonias
Abstract
The aim is to evaluate haematological and biochemical blood parameters in pneumonia in children of early neonatal period to reveal multivariability of clinical and laboratory syndromes.
Material and Methods. The analysis of haematological, biochemical parameters, blood gas composition and COS in 33 children of early neonatal age with pneumonia (19 of them premature, 14 – premature), as well as 35 healthy newborns was carried out. The study was conducted on the basis of the Department of Fundamental and Clinical Biochemistry with Laboratory Diagnostics of SamSMU, State Budgetary Institution SODKB named after N.N. Ivanova. The diagnosis was verified by instrumental methods of research.
Results. The peculiarities of the course of pneumonia in children of early neonatal period were revealed: development of leukocytosis (+29%) and increase in the absolute number of lymphocytes in premature (+39%); formation of thrombocytopenia, most pronounced in premature (-42%). The metabolic status was characterised by: A picture of catabolic stress, with a decrease in total protein (-35% in preterm; -33% in premature), an increase in urea levels (+77% in premature), especially pronounced in premature infants (2.6-fold) and creatinine (+53%; p<0.05 in preterm and +29% in preterm); significant increase in hyperbilirubinaemia (+53% in preterm, +70% in preterm). The most extensive in the examined contingent of children are changes in the total activity of ALAT and ASAT (7.5-fold and 7-fold, in preterm and 1.7-fold and 2.7-fold, in preterm). The analysis of possible multiple causes of hypertransaminasemia in the early neonatal period in pneumonia was carried out: catabolic orientation of metabolism, toxic load on functionally immature hepatocytes, large-scale haemolysis of erythrocytes, the possibility of ischaemic changes in the myocardium.
Conclusion. Multivariability of hypertransaminasemia may be a source of errors in interpretation of results in children of early neonatal period.
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Problems of experimental biology and medicine
A retrospective analysis of the experimental and clinical study of the antiviral herbal drug flakozid in viral infections characterized by lesions of the skin and mucous membranes
Abstract
Introdction. Herpesvirus infections are one of the leading medical and social problems and are defined as a "global problem of humanity". Currently, the most common are simple (HSV-1, HSV-2) and herpes zoster (VVO). For the prevention and treatment of herpesvirus infections, antiviral drugs are prescribed, one of which is the herbal drug Flakozid, 0.1 g tablets for oral administration.
The aim of the work was a retrospective analysis of the results of an experimental and clinical study of Flakozid in simple recurrent and herpes zoster, chickenpox.
Material and methods. The antiviral properties of Flakozid were studied in in vitro experiments, in the culture of chicken embryo fibroblast cells against three strains of herpes virus (2 strains geratogenic "10", "90" and dermatogenic strain "64") and in vivo − on a model of experimental herpetic encephalitis of white mice in doses from 20 mg/kg to 500 mg/ kg with the administration of per os and subcutis. The results of the clinical study of Flakozid were analyzed in 313 patients (adults and children) with simple recurrent herpes 202 patients, including genital – 65, with herpes zoster – 45, chickenpox – 66. The criteria for the effectiveness of antiviral therapy of herpes were the duration of inflammatory phenomena, a reduction in the number and duration of relapses; in chickenpox – the severity of symptoms of intoxication, the nature and spread of rashes, the degree of their reverse development. Flakozid was prescribed 0.2–0.6 g per day.
Results. Experimental studies have shown that Flakozid had a high viral inhibitory effect against Herpes simplex. Treatment with Flakozid led to a high therapeutic effect: complete resolution of rashes in simple recurrent herpes after an average of 6-14 days, genital – 8-15 days, shingles – 7-15 days and shortening the duration of relapses by 2 times. The therapeutic effect of Flakozid in the treatment of genital herpes was noted in 91.6% of cases and exceeded the effect of Alpizarin (40%); in chickenpox –74%.
Conclusions. The high therapeutic effect of Flakozid in the treatment of viral infectious and inflammatory dermatoses in adults and children allowed it to be recommended in a wide clinical practice in the treatment of simple recurrent herpes, including genital and extragenital localization; herpes zoster, chickenpox.
110-117
Safety, pharmacokinetics and mechanism of lipid-lowering action of polysaccharide l-rhamnopyranosyl-6-o-methyl-galacturonan isolated from the birch leaves (betula pendula roth.)
Abstract
Introduction. Biologically active substances of plant origin are the subject of study in the context of search and development of new pharmacological agents capable of influencing cholesterol metabolism in the body. The article presents the results of safety assessment, pharmacokinetics and mechanism of pharmacological activity of a new promising hypocholesterolemic agent – L-rhamnopyranosyl-6-O-methyl-galacturonan, a polysaccharide isolated from the leaves of birch (Betula pendula Roth.).
Objective of the study – comprehensive study of pharmacokinetic parameters, safety and mechanisms of activity of L-rhamnopyranosyl-6-O-methyl-galacturonan in vivo and in vitro.
Material and Methods. Evaluation of acute toxicity by single intragastric or intraperitoneal administration was performed on BALB/c mice and SD rats (Sprague-Dawley). To determine the effect of polysaccharide on bile acid excretion in rats with experimental hyperlipidaemia, faeces were collected for bile acid determination. Blood plasma was used in the evaluation of pharmacokinetics. Detection was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method. To assess the sorption activity of polysaccharide, polysaccharide or a comparison drug cholestyramine was added to a solution of cholic or deoxycholic acid, unbound bile acids were quantified. Light microscopy was used to visualise polysaccharide-bile acid complexes.
Results. After intragastric administration of polysaccharide at a dose of 1500 mg/kg the object of the study is practically not subjected to absorption from the digestive tract and can exert its hypolipidemic effect through effects directly in the intestinal lumen. Polysaccharide does not penetrate into organs and tissues and has no systemic action, it is completely excreted through the GI tract. According to the results of acute toxicity experiments the investigated substance can be characterised as practically non-toxic. The mechanism of hypolipidemic action of polysaccharide is associated with its ability to bind bile acids in the intestine, which is confirmed by the obtained data on the increase in the excretion of bile acids with faeces in laboratory animals receiving polysaccharide, and the established ability of polysaccharide to bind bile acids in vitro.
Conclusions. After oral administration, L-rhamnopyranosyl-6-O-methyl-galacturonan is practically not absorbed from the digestive tract, has no toxic effects, and exerts its hypolipidemic effect by binding bile acids in the intestinal lumen.
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Anniversaries and dates
On the 75th anniversary of the birth of I.V. Matveychuk
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